Index Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADIs), 9, 45, 83,91,170,205,206,218-219,252 Aflatoxins, 93-94 Albendazole, 206 Albendazole residues in bovine liver, 212 in bovine muscle meat, 212 Alcohol, 147-150 Alcoholic dementia, 149 Aldrin intake, 134 All Persons Mean Intakes (APMI), 174 Amino acids and protein, 142-143 APMI (All Persons Mean Intakes), 174 Appendicitis, 147 Arsenic intake, 122-123 Arterial thrombosis, 143 Aspartame consumption, 171-172 Aspartame intake, 170-182 Aspartame level in products, 174 Atherosclerotic lesions, 143 Benzoic acid/benzoate intake, 125 Between-person variability, 100-10 1 Beverages in food basket, 194 Blood pressure change, 144 Blood pressure elevation, 149 Body burden, 47 Bovine liver albendazole residues in, 212 zeranol residues in, 211 Bovine muscle meat albendazole residues in, 212 zeranol residues in, 211 Budget Method, Danish, 218-219 Cadmium intake, 66-71,122,131-132, 241 Calcium intake, 104-106 Cancer mortality, 144 Carbohydrates, 144-146 Carcinogen risk assessment, 84-85 Cardiomyopathy, alcoholic, 149 CCFAC (Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants), 91-93, 96 CC/RVDF (Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods), 91, 95, 205-207 Celiac disease, 142 Cesium-137 in Sweden, 191-204 CHD (coronary heart disease), 143-144, 149 Chemical safety, International Programme on (IPCS), 90 Chernobyl, radiocesium intake after, 191-204 Cholesterol, 143 Cholesterol intake, 104-106 Cirrhosis, 48 CIVO-TNO market basket, 16, 17 Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants (CCFAC), 91-93, 96 Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods (CC/RVDF), 91,95,205-207 Cold weather wave (CWW), 180-182 Colon cancer, 147 Comparability of intake studies, 239-243 Constipation, 146 253
254 Index Contaminant intake, 21-22 in Denmark, 117-125 estimating, 242-243 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, 78 Coronary heart disease (CHD), 143-144, 149 Cream consumption, 223-224 Cultural diets, 235-237 CWW (cold weather wave), 180-182 Daily adjusted menu (DAM), 161 Danish Budget Method, 218-219 Data aggregation, 53-54 Data banks, food composition, see Food composition data banks Data exchange, international, 249-250 DDT, 185 Default codes, NFCS, 5 Denmark contaminant intake in, 122-123 food additives in, 124-125 National Food Agency survey, 117-119 national surveillance in, 117-125 Diary, food, 4, 5, 77 Dieldrin intake, 134 Diet, see also Food entries cultural, 235-237 frequent errors of, 160 Dietary exposure to pesticides, 75-87 Dietary fiber, 146-147 Dietary frequency method, 4-5 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 139, 141 Dietary history, 4 Dietary intake, see also Intake studies GEMS/Food coordination of studies, 126-134 methods for determining, 76-79 of pollutants, 19-23 summary and perspectives, 251-252 of veterinary drug residues, 205-212 Dietary recall, 24-hour, 4, 5, 76 Dietary surveys, 77-79, 251-252 Dioxin analysis, 248 Diverticulitis, 146 Duplicate Portion Studies (DPS), 4, 5, 10-11,12 in Sweden, 194-195 Dutch total diet studies, 11-17 EDI (Estimated Daily Intake), 209, 232-234 EMDI (Estimated Maximum Daily Intake), 209, 232-234, 239 Energy intake, 150-151 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 75 Erythrosin intake, 124 Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), 209, 232-234 Estimated Maximum Daily Intake (EMDI), 209, 232-234, 239 Excess nutrient intake, 102 Exposure studies, international co-operation in, 231-239 Fallout in Sweden, 191-204 FASEB (Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology) Expert Panel, 45, 48, 49 Fats, 143-144 energy from, 121 Fatty acid intake, 104-106 FBS (food balance sheets), 24 FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 183-185 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) Expert Panel, 45, 48, 49 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 150 Fiber, dietary, 146-147 Finnish heavy metal intake, 61-71 Fish consumption, 214 Fish intake, 118 FOC (frequency of consumption), 48 Food, see also Dietary entries heavy metal concentration in, 241-242 nutrients in, 119 pesticides in, 119 solid, in "food basket;' 193 trace elements in, 119 Food additive intake, 170-182
Index 255 Food additives, 91-92 classified, 23 Codex Committee on, 91-93, 96 in Denmark, 124-125 joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on, 90-93, 95-97 Food allergies, 142 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 183-185 Food balance sheets (FBS), 24 Food Basket Study, see Market Basket Study Food composition data, 113 Food composition data banks, 110-115 compiling, 112-114 demand for, 112 uses of, III Food constituents, estimating human exposure to, see Human exposure to food constituents, estimating Food consumption in Italy, 36 in different geographical areas, 37 Food consumption data, 48 MRCA,208 quality of, 242-243 Food consumption databases, 51-54 Food consumption information, methods for obtaining, 3-7 methodological issues in, 6-7 refinement of, 5 table of, 4 unique features of, 4-5 Food consumption patterns, 79-82 Food consumption surveys, 77-79, 251-252 Food contaminants, 92-94 Food diary, 4, 5, 77 Food disappearance method, 4 Food frequencies, 4-5 Food frequency questionnaire, 76-77 Food intake, 175 actual versus potential, 213-219 continuing survey of, 78 in Denmark, 117-125, 119-122 household, 19-23 household survey on, 24-44 in Italy, 34 in Italy in different geographical areas, 35 per-capita daily, 27-29 "true;' 6 "usual;' 6 Food items coding and grouping flow chart, 33 most commonly consumed, 10 Food-meal subscheme, 27, 43 Food monitoring system, 120 Food packaging statistics, 223 Food sampling, 19-20 Frequency of consumption (FOC), 48 Fructose, 145 Galactose, 145-146 Gallstones, 144, 146 GEMS (Global Environment Monitoring System)/Food, 93, 94 dietary intake studies coordinated by, 126-134 exposure studies and, 231-239 Glucose tolerance, impaired, 150 HEAL, (Human Exposure Assessment Location) project, 234 Heavy metal concentration in food, 241-242 Heavy metal intake analytical quality control in studies of, 62-63 evaluation of methods for measuring, 63-71 Finnish, 61-71 market basket studies in, 64-68 Household/changes-buying habits subscheme, 27, 43 Household disappearance method, 4 Household food intake, 19-23 Household-person/food-meal sub scheme, 27,44 Household-person/place sub scheme, 26, 41 Household survey on food and nutrient intakes in Italy, 24-44 Human Exposure Assessment Location (HEAL) project, 234 Human exposure to food constituents, estimating, 45-57 approaches considered for, 46-48 steps for, 50
256 Index Human exposure to food constituents (cant.) utilizing food consumption data sources for, 49-56 validating, 55-56 Hypertriglyceridemia, 149 Hypocholesterolemia, 146 Hypoglycemia, 150 Inadequate nutrient intake, 102 INN (National Institute of Nutrition) study, 24-49 Intake studies, see also Dietary entries aims of, 240 future trends and co-operation in, 246-250 improving comparability of, 240-244 new areas for, 249 International collaboration in development of methodology, 247-248 International data exchange, 249-250 International Programme on Chemical Safety (lpcs), 90 International Research and Development Corporation (IRDC) study, 86 IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 90 IRDC (International Research and Development Corporation) study, 86 Iron intake, 121, 168 Italy food consumption in, see Food consumption in Italy food intake in, see Food intake subentries National Institute of Nutrition study in, 24-49 nutrient consumption in, 30, 38 nutrient intake in, see Nutrient intake subentries Japan, household food intake in, 19-23 JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 90-93, 95-97,206-207 JMPR (Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues), 90, 94-97 Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 90-93, 95-97,206-207 Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR), 90, 94-97 Lactose, 145-146 Lead intake, 66-71,123,129-131, 241 Limit of quantitation (LOQ), 63, 66 Linearized multistage model (LMS), 85 Linoleic acid, 143 Liver, bovine, see Bovine liver LMS (linearized multistage model), 85 LOQ (limit of quantitation), 63, 66 Macronutrient intake, 140 nutritional standards and, 139-152 Macronutrients, 139-140 MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food), 214-215 Malnutrition, protein-calorie (PMC), 140-141 Market Basket Study (MBS), 9-10, 11 beverages included in, 194 for determination of dietary intake of pollutants, 19-23 of heavy metal intake, 64-68 macronutrients in, 11 minerals and essential trace elements in, 12 National Food Consumption Survey and, 12-14 radiocesium intake study with, 193-201 solid foods included in, 193 Market Research Corporation of America (MRCA), 207-208 Maximum residue levels (MRLs), 94-97, 205,206 MBS, see Market Basket Study Mercury intake, 68:'71,122,132-133,241 Metals, heavy, see Heavy metals Methodology, international collaboration in development of, 247-248 MF (modifying factor), 83-84 Micronutrients, 139 at risk in diet, 167
Index 257 Milk, PCBs, in, 128 Mineral intake, 162, 164-165 Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF), 214-215 Modifying factor (MF), 83-84 MRCA (Market Research Corporation of America), 207-208 MRLs (maximum residue levels), 94-97, 205, 206 Multiple sclerosis, 144 Muscle meat, bovine, see Bovine muscle meat National Eating Trends (NET), 48 National Food Agency of Denmark, 117-119 National Food Composition Survey (NFCS), 12, 78-79 Market Basket Study and, 12-14 National Food Survey (NFS), 222 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, see NHANES entries National Institute of Nutrition (INN) study, 24-49 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS), 5, 78 NET (National Eating Trends), 48 NEVO-table, 14-17 NFCS, see National Food Composition Survey NFCS (Nationwide Food Consumption Survey), 5, 78 NFS (National Food Survey), 222 NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), 48 NHANES surveys, 99-100 NHANES III (Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), 5 Niacin intake, 161 NOAEL (no-observed adverse effect level), 83, 170 NutraSweet Company, 179 Nutrient composition, measured versus calculated, 14-16 Nutrient data banks, see Food composition data banks Nutrient intake excess, 102 household survey on, 24-44 inadequate, 102 in Italy, 30, 38 in Italy in different geographical areas, 32 Nutrients in food, 119 Nutritional standards, macronutrient intake and, 139-152 Organochlorine pesticides, 134 Organophosphorus pesticides, 134 Osteoporosis, 149-150 Packaging materials, 221-226 Packaging statistics, food, 223 Participation coefficient, 28 PCBs, see Polychlorinated biphenyls PCDDs (polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins), 248 PCDFs (polychlorinated dibenzofurans), 248 PDIs (probable daily intakes), 170 Per-capita daily food intake, 27-29 Peripheral neuropathy, alcoholic, 148 Person subscheme, 26-27, 42 Pesticide intake, 186-187 Pesticide residues, 94-95 joint FAO/WHO meeting on, 90, 94-97 Total Diet Study and, 184-189 in United States, 183-189 Pesticides dietary exposure to, 75-87 in food, 119 organochlorine, 134 organophosphorus, 134 in Total Diet Study, 188 Phenylketonuria (PKU), 142-143 PMC (protein-calorie malnutrition), 140-141 Pollutants, see also Contaminant intake dietary intake of, 19-23 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 128-129 average daily intake of, 127 in daily milk, 128 Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), 248 Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), 248
258 Index Polypropylene, 225 Potato intake, 118 Probable daily intakes (PDIs), 171 Protein, 140-143 amino acids and, 142-143 excess, 141-142 Protein-calorie malnutrition (PMC), 140-141 Protein deficiency, 140-141 Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWIs), 9, 61, 92-93, 218 Purchasing method, 159-168 criticism of, 163-167 described, 159-163 validity of, 167-168 QDC (quantitative daily consumption), 48 Quality assurance, 246-247 Quantitative daily consumption (QDC), 48 Radiocesium intake from Chernobyl, 191-204 RDAs, see Recommended Dietary Allowances Recipe calculation, 114 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), 9, 16 comparing intakes with, 252 Reference Materials (RMs), 62-63 Risk assessment carcinogen, 84-85 for infants and children, 85-86 toxicological, 82-84 RIVM duplicate portion, 16, 17 RMs (Reference Materials), 62-63 Safety factor (SF), 83 Sample banks, 249 Serotonin, 145 SF (safety factor), 83 Starches, 144-145 Sucrose, 145 Sugars, 144-146 Sulfamethazine, 206 Surveys dietary, 251-252 food consumption, 77-79 Sweden duplicate portion studies in, 194-195 fallout in, 191-204 TBA (trenbolone acetate), 206 TCDD equivalents, 248 Theoretical daily intakes (TDIs), 170 Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI), 208, 232-234, 238 Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 5 "Threshold" dose, 82 TMDI (Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake), 208, 232-234, 238 Tooth decay, 145 Total Diet Studies (TDS), 9-17 Dutch, 11-17 heavy metal intake and, 65-68 pesticide residues and, 184-189 pesticides in, 188 primary aim of, 16 types of, 9-11 United Kingdom, 215 validity of, 12 Toxicological risk assessment, 82-84 Trace element intake, 164-165 Trace elements in food, 119 Trenbolone acetate (TBA), 206 Tryptophan, 142 Tyrosine, 142 UK, see United Kindgom Uncertainty factor (UF), 83 United Kingdom (UK) Total Diet Study, 215 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 183 pesticide residues in, 183-189 Universal Product Codes, 57 US, see United States Variability between-person, 100-10 1 within-person, see Within-person variability
Index 259 Veterinary drug residues, 95-96 Codes Committee on, 91, 95 dietary intake of, 205-212 Vitamin A intake, 121 Vitamin intake, 163, 165-167 Warm weather wave (WWW), 180-182 Weighed/measured food intake, 4, 5 Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome, 148 Within-person variability between-person variability and, 100-101 effects on distribution of values in population, 10 1-103 effects on prevalence estimates, 103-106 impact on design of national nutrition surveys, 107 importance of, 99-108 replicate measures needed, 106-107 WWW (Warm weather wave), 180-182 Yellow 2G intake, 218 Zeranol,206 Zeranol residues in bovine liver, 211 in bovine muscle meat, 211