Accepted Manuscript A rare case of acute myocardial infarction during extraction of a septally placed implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead Eric Wierda, MD, LLM, Astrid A. Hendriks, MD, Giovanni Amoroso, MD, PhD, Daniel Mol, MD, PhD, Dirk J. van Doorn, Muchtiar Khan, MD PII: S2214-0271(17)30190-2 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrcr.2017.11.001 Reference: HRCR 455 To appear in: HeartRhythm Case Reports Received Date: 16 February 2017 Revised Date: 7 October 2017 Accepted Date: 2 November 2017 Please cite this article as: Wierda E, Hendriks AA, Amoroso G, Mol D, van Doorn DJ, Khan M, A rare case of acute myocardial infarction during extraction of a septally placed implantable cardioverterdefibrillator lead, HeartRhythm Case Reports (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.hrcr.2017.11.001. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
1 2 A rare case of acute myocardial infarction during extraction of a septally placed implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Eric Wierda 1, Astrid A. Hendriks 2, Giovanni Amoroso 3, Daniel Mol 4, Dirk J. van Doorn 5, Muchtiar Khan 6 1 MD, LLM, Department of cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 2 MD, Department of cardiology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam 3 MD, PhD, Department of cardiology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam 4 Department of cardiology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam 5 MD, PhD, Department of cardiology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp 6 MD, Department of cardiology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam Key words: ICD, shock lead, acute myocardial infarction, perforation, coronary artery, left anterior descending coronary artery Word count: Full text: 1.150 (2.500 accepted) Disclosures: no disclosures Correspondence: E. Wierda, MD, LLM Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 23 24 25 Meibergdreef 9 Amsterdam, the Netherlands Phone: +31 6 1607 8145 Email address: e.wierda@amc.uva.nl 26 1
27 Introduction 28 29 Over the last decade there has been an increasing number of implantation of implant- 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 able cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) devices, especially for the primary prevention of cardiac arrhythmic death. The increased number of implantations has also generated a rise in the number of lead extractions procedures, mostly because of device-related infections, with an estimated 10,000 to 15,000 extractions per year worldwide [1]. Lead extraction is performed in most patients without difficulty. However major complications like pulmonary embolism, bleeding, cardiac perforations, vascular tear, pneumothorax and infections are seen in 2-3% of patients [2]. We report a rare case of acute myocardial infarction during extraction of a septally placed ICD lead. Case report A 59-year old male patient known with inferoposterolateral myocardial infarction at the age of 38 (treated with thrombolysis) was seen at our outpatient clinic for periodic follow-up after ICD implantation. In 2000 percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of the right coronary artery (RCA) and circumflex coronary artery (RCx) was performed. Echocardiography revealed a poor systolic left ventricular (LV) function. In 2011 a single chamber ICD (Boston Scientific) was implanted with the Endotak Reli- ance defibrillation lead (Boston Scientific) placed in the high right ventricular septum, because of primary prevention. 49 50 51 Patient was transferred to our hospital after cardiac arrest during an afternoon run. Basic life support was initiated by bystanders and he received multiple ICD shocks 2
52 53 54 without return of circulation and was rushed to the hospital. An in hospital ECG showed a ventricular tachycardia of 155 bpm with a right bundle branch morphology and superior axis (figure 1) which was terminated with external cardioversion after a 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 bolus of 150 mg of intravenous amiodarone. ICD interrogation showed multiple VT episodes with 20 appropriate unsuccessful shocks and 2 unsuccessful antitachycardia pacing episodes at the time of out of hospital cardiac arrest. Furthermore, the interrogation revealed a sudden decrease in the shocklead sensing (from 23mV to 9.6 mv) and a sudden drop in shocklead impedance (from 550 Ohm to 400 Ohm with a pacing threshold rise to 2.8V @ 0.6ms) 2 weeks before this current event. To exclude an ischemic trigger for the VT, coronary angiography was performed which revealed significant three vessel coronary artery disease (proximal left anterior descending coronary (LAD), mid RCx and distal RCA), complete revascularisation was performed with PCI. On the second day of hospitalization, he developed a relapse of the clinical VT that was hemodynamically well tolerated. The VT did not terminate after intravenous procainamide. It was decided to perform an emergency VT ablation and to implant a new shock lead and extract the malfunctioning shock lead. After exclusion of a left ventricular thrombus a successful VT catheter ablation was performed under general anesthesia using remote magnetic navigation (Stereotaxis). The endpoint, non-inducibility of clinical VT was reached. Before extraction a venog- raphy showed a normal course of the left axillary and subclavian vein to the vena cava superior. During controlled traction acute hypotension occurred along with ST- 74 75 76 elevation in the anterolateral and inferior leads on electrocardiography. No pericardial effusion was seen on transesophageal echocardiography. No further attempts were made to extract and the dysfunctional shock lead was left in situ. A new shock lead 3
77 78 79 was placed in the apex of the right ventricle and was connected to a new device. Emergency coronary angiography showed an occlusion of the mid LAD at the site of the old septal shock lead helix (figure 2, video 1). An attempt to open the coronary 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 artery was unsuccessful, possibly due to perforation of the helix of the shock lead. In retrospect near-proximity, interference and coronary spasm in the mid-lad by the old ICD shock lead helix was already seen at the initial angiogram (figure 3, video 2). A maximum CK-MB of 107 units/l (normal < 7.6) and maximum troponin T of 0.105 mcg/iu (normal < 0.015) was observed. During hospital stay there were no further complications. During a follow-up of 12 months there were no VT recurrences. Discussion We present a rare case of an acute anterolateral myocardial infarction during lead extraction of an ICD shock lead. In general, possible indications for lead removal are device-related infections, thrombotic complications and possible non-functional leads [3]. Most leads can be extracted using a traction and counter clockwise rotation approach. The use of traction tools or laser sheaths is reserved for a second line approach. In our case, an attempt was made to extract the old shock lead and to replace it with a new shock lead, because of un- successful ICD shocks and abnormal sensing and impedance measurements. 99 100 101 Injury to the coronary arteries during lead extraction is very rare. Three previous cas- es have been published that describe lead placement leading to injury of the LAD 4
102 103 104 coronary artery [5, 6, 7]. One of the cases led to perforation of the LAD by the lead helix and was treated by removal and placement of a covered stent [7], the two other cases led to local coronary spasm due to direct contact and were treated by lead re- 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 moval and placement of drug-eluting coronary stent [5] and by repositioning of the lead [6]. Using two-dimensional fluoroscopy for the implantation of cardiac implantable electronic device leads, the proximity of lead tips to coronary arteries is not always appreciated. A recent analysis compared the estimated lead placement with actual location on computed tomography with noteworthy results. The majority of septally placed lead tips were instead on the right ventricular antero-septal junction, where the LAD runs in the interventricular groove [4]. A concealed perforation of the LAD should be considered when new onset abnormal RV lead measurements or recurrent VT are present in a septally placed RV lead. We plea for a careful examination of coronary anatomy by CT angiography or coronary angiography before lead extraction or repositioning, especially in the case of septal placement of leads. 5
120 121 122 References [1] Lou X, Brunner MP, Wilkoff B, Martin DO, Clair DG, Soltesz EG. Succesful stent implantation for superior vena cava injury during transvenous lead extraction. 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 Heart Rhytm Case Reports 2015; 6: 394-396. [2] Bracke FALE, Meijer A, Van Gelder LM. Pacemaker lead complications: when is extraction appropriate and what can we learn from published data? Heart 2001; 85: 254-259. [3] Byrd CL. Advances in device lead extraction. Curr Cardiol Rep 2001; 4: 324. [4] Pang BJ, Barold SS, Mond HG. Injury to the coronary arteries and related structures by implantation of cardiac implantable electronic devices. Europace 2015; 17: 524-529. [5] Karali I, Bleeker GB, Schalij MJ. Obstruction of distal left anterior descending artery by the right ventricular lead of an implantable cardiac defibrillator. Neth Heart Journal 2014; 6: 309. [6] Nishiyama N, Takatsuki S, Kimura T, Aizawa Y, Fukumoto K, Hagiwara Y, Tanimoto K, Fukuda K. Implantation of the right ventricular lead of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator complicated by apical myocardial infarction. Circulation 142 2012; 126: 1314-1315. 143 6
144 145 [7] Parwani AS, Rolf S, Haverkamp W. Coronary artery occlusion due to lead inser- tion into the right ventricular outflow tract. Eur Heart Journal 2009; 4: 425. 146 147 7
148 149 150 Figure 1 ECG on presentation showing ventricular tachycardia, heart rate of 155 bpm with right bundle branch morphology and superior axis. 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 Figure 2 Coronary angiography performed during anterolateral myocardial infarction after unsuccessful lead extraction, showing perforation of the mid left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) by a screw perforation of the old shock lead helix (new shock lead also visible) (caudal view). Figure 3 First coronary angiogram during hospitalization reveals near-proximity, interference and coronary spasm in the mid left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) by the ICD shock lead helix (caudal view). 8
Figure 1
Key teaching points Injury to the coronary arteries during lead extraction is very rare, mostly the LAD coronary artery is injured. Using two-dimensional fluoroscopy the proximity of lead tips to coronary arteries is not always appreciated. Research showed that the majority of septally placed lead tips were on the right ventricular antero-septal junction near the course of the LAD coronary artery. We plea for a careful examination of coronary anatomy by CT angiography or coronary angiography before lead extraction or repositioning, especially in the case of septal placements of leads.