Acute Kidney Injury From Diagnosis to Care

Acute Kidney Injury From Diagnosis to Care

Contributions to Nephrology Vol. 187 Series Editor Claudio Ronco Vicenza

Acute Kidney Injury From Diagnosis to Care Volume Editors Xiaoqiang Ding Shanghai Claudio Ronco Vicenza 16 figures, 20 tables, 2016 Basel Freiburg Paris London New York Chennai New Delhi Bangkok Beijing Shanghai Tokyo Kuala Lumpur Singapore Sydney

Contributions to Nephrology (Founded 1975 by Geoffrey M. Berlyne) Xiaoqiang Ding Division of Nephrology Zhongshan Hospital Shanghai Medical College Fudan University No. 180 Fenglin Road CN 200032 Shanghai (China) Claudio Ronco Department of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV) San Bortolo Hospital Viale Rodolfi, 37 IT 36100 Vicenza (Italy) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Ding, Xiaoqiang (Of Fu dan da xue (Shanghai, China)), editor. Ronco, C. (Claudio), 1951-, editor. Title: Acute kidney injury : from diagnosis to care / volume editors, Xiaoqiang Ding, Claudio Ronco. Other titles: Acute kidney injury : from diagnosis to care (Ding) Contributions to nephrology ; v. 187. 0302-5144 Description: Basel ; New York : Karger, 2016. Series: Contributions to nephrology, ISSN 0302-5144 ; vol. 187 Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Identifiers: LCCN 2015050912 ISBN 9783318058253 (hard cover : alk. paper) ISBN 9783318058260 (e-isbn) Subjects: MESH: Acute Kidney Injury Kidney--injuries Renal Replacement Therapy Classification: LCC RC918.R4 NLM WJ 342 DDC 617.4/61044--dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015050912 Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents and Index Medicus. Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Copyright 2016 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH 4009 Basel (Switzerland) www.karger.com Printed in Germany on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706) by Kraft Druck, Ettlingen ISSN 0302 5144 e-issn 1662 2782 ISBN 978 3 318 05825 3 e-isbn 978 3 318 05826 0

Contents VII Preface Ding, X. (Shanghai); Ronco, C. (Vicenza) AKI Characteristics and Epidemiology 1 Acute Kidney Injury Epidemiology: From Recognition to Intervention Wang, Y.; Fang, Y.; Teng, J.; Ding, X. (Shanghai) 9 Acute Kidney Injury Prevention Chopra, T.A.; Brooks, C.H.; Okusa, M.D. (Charlottesville, Va.) 24 Renal Recovery after Acute Kidney Injury Macedo, E. (Sao Paulo); Mehta, R.L. (San Diego, Calif.) AKI Pathophysiology and Diagnosis 36 Pathophysiology of Septic Acute Kidney Injury Mårtensson, J. (Melbourne, Vic./Stockholm); Bellomo, R. (Melbourne, Vic.) 47 Biomarkers for Diagnosis, Prognosis and Intervention in Acute Kidney Injury Fuhrman, D.Y.; Kellum, J.A. (Pittsburgh, Pa.) 55 The Acute Kidney Injury to Chronic Kidney Disease Transition: A Potential Opportunity to Improve Care in Acute Kidney Injury Palant, C.E.; Amdur, R.L.; Chawla, L.S. (Washington, D.C.) 73 Electronic Data Systems and Acute Kidney Injury Cheungpasitporn, W.; Kashani, K. (Rochester, Minn.) AKI Management 84 Fluid Management in Acute Kidney Injury Chuang, C.-L. (Taipei) V

94 Multidimensional Approach to Adequacy of Renal Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury Villa, G. (Florence); Ricci, Z. (Rome); Romagnoli, S. (Florence/Rome); Ronco, C. (Vicenza) 106 Timing of Renal Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury Ostermann, M. (London); Wald, R. (Toronto, Ont.); Bagshaw, S.M. (Edmonton, Alta.) 121 Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Ricci, Z. (Rome); Goldstein, S.L. (Cincinnati, Ohio) 131 Management of Cardiac Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury Xu, J.; Jiang, W.; Fang, Y.; Teng, J.; Ding, X. (Shanghai) 143 Author Index 144 Subject Index VI Contents

Preface Once more, the book series Contributions to Nephrology is presenting a timely volume on one of the most intriguing and debated topics in the area of nephrology: acute kidney injury (AKI). The book is a compendium of contributions from the most renowned authors and AKI experts on all continents around the world. The content is a synthetic yet complete review on the most controversial aspects of AKI, ranging from epidemiology and basic science to pathophysiology and clinical issues. The book is intended to represent a good reference for physicians and nurses who deal with AKI in clinical nephrology and intensive care wards every day. The final result of this editorial effort is an updated compendium of state-of-theart papers usable as a reference and a consultation tool for everyday clinical practice. The reader will benefit from the different contributions, treasuring the clear understanding and knowledge of the experts and applying these contributions to day-to-day practice. The book should hopefully fill a gap in education and awareness of the importance of AKI and related issues. It should teach how a vision of the future and daily hard work together with a clear focus are the essential chemistry for diagnostic and therapeutic success. Many practices in medicine do not or cannot await for clinical trials to be supported by enough evidence but nevertheless are increasingly applied, with common acceptance of a tangible patient benefit. Only years after this vision came the demonstration of a significant benefit in survival for patients treated with specific AKI therapies. Thus, this book represents an important contribution to the field of AKI, offering students, young investigators and physicians the possibility to interact with worldwide experts not only through the existing evidence in the current literature but also through the vision of opinion leaders, which will pave the way toward future discoveries and clinical improvements. Xiaoqiang Ding, Shanghai Claudio Ronco, Vicenza VII