FAKULTET VETERINARSKE MEDICINE UNIVERZITETA U BEOGRADU. Doc dr Nenad Andrić, DVM

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FVM FAKULTET VETERINARSKE MEDICINE UNIVERZITETA U BEOGRADU EEG Doc dr Nenad Andrić, DVM

2/16 EPILEPSIJA - 0,5% do 5,7% kod pasa - 0,5% do 1% kod mačakaaka - 20-40% epilepsija su refraktarne Berendt M. Epilepsy.In: Braund KG, ed. Clinical Neurology in Small Animals-Localization, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Ithaca, NY:IVIS;2004. Thomas, W. Seizures and narcolepsy. In: Dewey CW, ed. A Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology.Ames, IA:Wiley- Blackwell;2008:237-255.

3/16 NEPROGRESIVNO OBOLJENJE MOZGA Epilepsija Sa morfološkim promenama u mozgu Bez morfoloških promena u mozgu Simptomatska epilepsija, sekundarna, stečena napadi jedini ili dominantan simptom Verovatno simptomatska epilepsija napadi jedini simptom Primarna, prava, Idiopatska epilepsija napadi jedini simptom

4/16 IZBOR NAČINA TERAPIJA EPILEPSIJE Hirurški pristup Dijetalna ishrana Simptomatska terapija Akupunktura Acupuncture for Epilepsy in dogs, 2007, Narda Robinson, DO, DVM, MS

5/16 - Cilj terapije? - Kada započeti terapiju? - Izbor antiepileptika? - Monitoring antiepileptika? - Sporedni efekti? - Edukacija vlasnika? - Sterilizacija, kastracija?

6/16 IZBOR ANTIEPILEPTIKA Fenobarbiton Kalijum/Natrijum bromid BENZODIAZEPINI Diazepam Bensedin, Bromazepam Klonazepam - Rivotril Karbamazepin Karbapin,Tegretol Valproinska kiselina Eftil Gabapentin - Neurontin Levetiracetam (Keppra) Zonisamide (Zonergan) Imepitoin (Pexion)

7/16 Fenobarbiton # 1-60 - 80% pozitivan odgovor, podnošljivost, interval aplikacije, cena - Psi: 2-3 mg/kg x 2, početna doza - Mačke: 2-3 mg/kg/24h ili na 12h, početna doza - Prolazni sporedni efekti? - Provera koncentracije leka nakon 2 nedelje - Terapeutska koncentracija u krvi : Psi: 15 to 35μg/ml (65 150μmol/L) Mačke: 15 30 μg/ml (65 130 μmol/l)

8/16 Metabolite Drug Potencijalni trajni sporedni efekti? Metabolism Excretion KREIRANJE NOVE PER OS DOZE LEKA - Povećanje per os doze za 25 do 50% - Postizanje željene koncentracije leka Nova per os doza (--------------- ) x trenutna per os doza Planirana konc. leka Izmerena konc. leka

9/16 KALIJUM BROMID (KBr) Indikacije Psi: 20-40mg/kg/dan, početna doza (poli terapija) 50-80 mg/kg/dan monoterapija Stabilna koncentracija nakon 4 meseca 150-200 mg/kg/24h/ 5 dana Smanjenje doze fenobarbitona? Kada? Mačke: izbegava se upotreba kod mačaka 50% - eozinofilni bronhoalveolitis

Bromid Dijetalna ishrana? Ekskrecija Sporedni efekti? Kako nastaviti terapiju kod pojave sporednih efekata?

10/16 Psi: hronična per os terapija - NE (W.B.Thomas, 2010; M.Podell,2013; Riviere J and Papich M, 2009) Mačke: Diazepam per os doza: 0.25 0.5 mg/kg/8-12h PO Hepatotoksičnost??? Riviere J and Papich M, Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutic, 2009, 498-500. M. Podell, Antiepileptic drug therapy and monitoring. Topics in Compan An Med 28 (2013), 59-66. W. B. Thomas, Idiopathic Epilepsy in Dogs and Cats, Vet Clin Small Anim 40 (2010) 161 179.

11/16 Valproinska kiselina - Eftil Psi: per os doza: Politerapija - 10 60 mg/kg /8h (Linda Shell, 2012) Fenobarbiton + eftil Monoterapija nije efikasna (Nafe LA and Parker A, Kay, 1981). Mačke: Nema podataka Sporedni efekti: alopecija i hepatotoksičnost Nedostaju klinički podaci o njenoj daljoj upotrebi kod pasa!!! Nafe LA, Parker A, Kay WJ. Sodium valproate: a preliminary clinical trial in epileptic dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1981;17:131 3. Linda Shell, Maintenance Anticonvulsant Therapy, The Veterinary Merk Manual, 2012.

12/16 Gabapentin (Neurontin) - Sintetski analog GABA - Metaboliše se i izlučuje preko bubrega delimično se metaboliše u jetri - Doza kod pasa: 10 to 30mg/kg /6-8h, max doza 60mg/kg/8h - Doza kod mačaka: aka: 10 to 30mg/kg /8h 12h - Monoterapija - Politerapija (Govendir M 2005; Platt 2006) - Uvođenje u terapiju: jedna doza/tokom 3 dana, 2 doze/tokom 3 dana - 100, 300,400 mg/50 kapsula/cena oko 1300.00 RSD prevelika cena kod velikih pasa, interval aplikacije Govendir M et all., Improving seizure control in dogs with refractory epilepsy using gabapentin as an adjunctive agent. Aust Vet J. 2005 Oct;83(10):602-8. Platt SR et all, Treatment with gabapentin of 11 dogs with refractory idiopathic epilepsy, Vet Rec 2006, Dec 23-30; 159(26):881-4.

13/16 Levetiracetam (Keppra) Refraktarne epilepsije, netolerancija na sporedne efekte Ph/ KBr Početna per os doza 20mg/kg/12h/tokom 7 dana a onda 20mg/kg/8h Može se povećavati po 20mg/kg svake 2 nedelje Max per os doza ~ 400 mg/kg/24h Metaboliše se i izlučuje preko bubrega (minimalno preko jetre) Nije neophodno pratiti koncentraciju leka u krvi cena /2800.00 RSD, pak. 60 tableta "Honeymoon effect"

14/16 Zonisamid (Zonergan) Sulfonamid, monoterapija ili kombinaciji sa fenobarbitonom Multipli mehanizam delovanja Metaboliše se breko jetre i bubrega Psi: per os oza 5-10 mg/kg/12h Mačke: Nema validnih podataka Efekat se prati preko koncentracije u krvi (10-40µg/ml) CENA 25$ Pas 25kg/mesečno/180 $

15/16 Imepitoin (Pexion) Veterinarski lek za idiopatsku epilepsiju pasa Kao mono ili poli terapija 10-30mg/kg/12h Nema praćenja koncentracije leka u krvi!!! Ne kod postojanja oboljenje jetre i kardiovaskularnog sistema Preparat nije ispitivan kod pasa lakših od 5 kg Cena 40 eura (100mg) i 85 eura (400mg)/pack 100 tableta - Tipold, A., Keefe, T. J., Lȍscher, W., Rundfeldt, C., de Vries, F. Clinical efficacy and safety of imepitoin in comparison with phenobarbital for the control of idiopathic epilepsy in dogs. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therapy, 2014, 1-9. - Rundfeldt, C., Gasparic, A., Wlaz, P. Imepitoin as novel treatment option for canine idiopathic epilepsy: pharmacokinetics, distribution, and metabolism in dogs, J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.37, 421 434. 2014.

RAZLOZI ZA NEADEKVATAN ODGOVOR NA TERAPIJU??? Neadekvatna doza /koncentracija leka Neadekvatan izbor antiepileptika Tolerancija na lek Neadekvatna primena terapije od strane vlasnika Pogrešna dijagnoza

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