Evaluation of Heparin Production By-Products in Nursery Pig Diets A. J. Myers, M. D. Tokach, R. D. Goodband, M.U. Steidinger, S. S. Dritz, J. M. DeRouchey, J. L. Nelssen, B. W. Ratliff, and D. M. McKilligan Summary A total of, weanling pigs (Newsham GPK PIC80, initially. ±.0 lb, 0 ± d of age) were used in a 9-d study to evaluate the effects of select menhaden fish meal (SMFM), poultry meal, PEP+, Peptone 0, and PEP-NS on nursery pig performance. PEP+, Peptone 0, and PEP-NS are all porcine intestinal mucosa products, but they differ in the carriers with which they are co-dried. PEP+ is co-dried with enzymatically processed vegetable proteins and amino acid (AA) dried fermentation biomass. Peptone 0 is co-dried with a vegetable protein, whereas PEP-NS uses by-products from corn wet-milling as well as dried fermentation biomass. Pigs were randomly allotted to of dietary treatments with pigs per pen and replications per treatment. Treatment diets were fed in phases (d 0 to 7 and d 7 to ) with a common diet fed to all pigs in the third phase (d to 9). Treatments consisted of a negative control (NC) diet containing.% SDAP in Phase and no specialty protein sources in Phase or the NC diet with % poultry meal (PM), PEP+, Peptone 0, or PEP-NS. From d 0 to, pigs fed diets containing % SMFM, PM, PEP+, or PEP-NS had improved (P < 0.0) ADG and ADFI compared with those fed the negative control diet. Pigs fed diets containing % SMFM, PM, PEP+, or PEP-NS had improved (P < 0.0) F/G compared with pigs fed % Peptone 0. From d to 9, pigs previously fed diets containing % PEP+ or PEP-NS had improved (P < 0.0) ADG and ADFI compared with those previously fed the negative control diet. Overall (d 0 to 9), pigs fed diets containing % SMFM, PM, PEP+, or PEP-NS had improved (P < 0.0) ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed the negative control diet. No significant differences were observed among treatments for F/G; therefore, PEP+ and PEP-NS are suitable replacements for fish meal and poultry meal in nursery diets from d 7 to postweaning. Key words: fish meal, PEP+, Peptone 0, PEP-NS, spray-dried animal plasma, nursery pig Introduction Numerous protein sources have been investigated for their efficacy in stimulating both feed intake and growth performance in the weanling pig. Research has indicated that Appreciation is expressed to TechMix, LLC, Stewart, MN, and Midwest Ag Enterprises, Marshal, MN, for providing the PEP products and partial financial support. Swine Nutrition Service, Anchor, IL. Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University. TechMix, LLC, Stewart, MN. 8
porcine intestinal mucosa, by-products of heparin production, may be suitable replacements for fish meal in nursery pig diets (Jones et al., 008 ; Myers et al., 00 ). Porcine digest is derived when mucosa linings from the intestines collected at pork packing plants are removed and hydrolyzed, and the remaining material consists of smallchain peptides. PEP+, Peptone 0, and PEP-NS (Tech Mix, LLC, Stewart, MN) are by-products of heparin production. Although all of these products originate from intestinal mucosa lining, they vary in that they are co-dried with different carriers to create a final product. PEP+ is co-dried with enzymatically processed vegetable protein and AA fermentation biomass whereas Peptone 0 is co-dried with an unprocessed vegetable protein. PEP-NS is co-dried with a corn-wet milling by-product and AA dried fermentation biomass. Other specialty protein sources are routinely used in nursery pig diets. Fish meal is a commonly used protein source in nursery pig diets due to its digestibility and desirable AA profile. Furthermore, studies evaluating poultry meal in nursery pig diets have indicated that it can replace fish meal in nursery pig diets without adversely affecting performance. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the effects of Peptone products (PEP+, Peptone 0, and PEP-NS), select menhaden fish meal, and poultry meal on the growth performance of nursery pigs. Procedures All practices and procedures used in these experiments were approved by the Kansas State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. A total of, nursery pigs (Newsham GPK PIC80; initial BW of. ±.0 lb and 0 ± d of age) were used in a 9-d study to evaluate the effects of Peptone products on the growth performance of nursery pigs. The study was conducted at a commercial research wean-to-finish facility in Anchor, IL. The facility was an environmentally controlled, fully slatted, wean-to-finish barn. Pigs were provided ad libitum access to feed and water via a -hole dry self-feeder (0 in. long) and cup waterers. Each pen was 0.8 ft and provided.9 ft /pig floor space. At weaning, pigs were weighed by pen and were randomly allotted to of dietary treatments based upon average pen weight, with pigs per pen and replicate pens per treatment. The number of barrows and gilts were equalized across pens. The dietary treatments were () a negative control containing.% SDAP in Phase (d 0 to 7) followed by no specialty protein sources in Phase (d 7 to ), or () the negative control with % SMFM, poultry meal, PEP+, Peptone 0, or PEP-NS. The specialty protein source and crystalline AA replaced soybean meal in the negative control diet. Nutrient profiles, including standardized ileal digestible (SID) values of AA for PEP+, Peptone 0, and PEP-NS, were provided by the manufacturer (Tech- Mix, LLC, Stewart, MN) and used in diet formulation (Table ). Spray-dried animal plasma digestibility coefficients obtained from the manufacturer (APC, Ames, IA) and SID AA digestibility values for SMFM and poultry meal used in diet formulation were obtained from NRC (998). Jones et al., Swine Day 008, Report of Progress 00, pp. -. Myers et al., Swine Day 00, Report of Progress 08, pp. 7-. 8
Phase diets were fed in pellet form from d 0 to 7 postweaning (Table ). Phase diets were fed in meal form from d 7 to (Table ). A common Phase diet was fed in meal form from d to 9. Average daily gain, ADFI, and F/G were determined by weighing pigs and measuring feed disappearance on d 0, 7,, and 9. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with pen as the experimental unit. Analysis of variance was performed using the MIXED procedure in SAS (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). Means were separated using least significant difference (LSD). Results were considered significant at P 0.0 and considered a trend at P 0.0. Results and Discussion From d 0 to, pigs fed diets containing % SMFM, poultry meal (PM), PEP+, or PEP-NS had improved (P < 0.0) ADG compared with those fed the negative control diet or diets containing % Peptone 0. Pigs fed % PEP-NS had increased (P < 0.0) ADG compared with those fed % PM. Furthermore, pigs fed % SMFM, PM, PEP+, or PEP-NS had increased (P < 0.0) ADFI compared with those fed the negative control diet. Pigs fed % SMFM, PEP+, and PEP-NS had increased (P < 0.0) ADFI compared with pigs fed diets containing % Peptone 0. Pigs fed diets containing % SMFM, PM, PEP+, or PEP-NS had improved (P < 0.0) F/G compared with pigs fed % Peptone 0 (Table ). During Phase (d to 9), pigs previously fed diets containing % PEP+ or PEP-NS had improved (P < 0.0) ADG compared with those previously fed the negative control diet. Pigs previously fed % SMFM, PM, PEP+, or PEP-NS had increased (P < 0.0) feed intake than pigs previously fed the negative control diet or diets containing % Peptone 0. Pigs previously fed the negative control diet and diets containing % Peptone 0 had improved (P < 0.0) F/G over those fed % SMFM or % PEP-NS. Overall (d 0 to 9), pigs fed diets containing % SMFM, PM, PEP+, or PEP-NS had improved (P < 0.0) ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed the negative control diet. Pigs fed diets containing % SMFM, PEP+, or PEP-NS had improved (P < 0.0) ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed diets containing % Peptone 0. No significant differences were observed among treatments for F/G. In conclusion, PEP+ and PEP-NS are suitable replacements for fish meal and poultry meal in nursery diets from d 7 to postweaning. 8
Table. Nutrient composition of ingredients (as-fed basis) Item SMFM, Poultry meal, PEP+, Peptone 0, PEP-NS, CP, %.90.0 8.00.0 7.0 Amino acids, % Isoleucine.7 (9).0 (8).7 (88). (9).0 (8) Leucine. (9).89 (80). (89).98 (9).78 (7) Lysine.8 (9). (80). (88). (9).7 (8) Methionine.77 (9). (77) 0.97 (88) 0.7 (9) 0.9 (8) Threonine. (88).8 (77).7 (8). (88).0 (77) Tryptophan 0. (88) 0.8 (7) 0.8 (87) 0.7 (90) 0.7 (8) Valine.0 (9). (7).0 (8). (89).0 (8) Cysteine 0.7 (88) 0. (7) 0.8 (77) 0. (88) 0.9 (8) Special select menhaden fish meal; Omega Protein Corp., Houston, TX. Poultry meal obtained from Hubbard Feeds, Mankato, MN. TechMix, LLC, Stewart, MN. Nutrient values from NRC (998). Nutrient values provided by the manufacturer. Parentheses indicate standardized ileal digestible amino acid coefficients (%) used in diet formulation. 8
Table. Composition of diets, Phase (as-fed basis) % Nursery Nutrition and Management Item Ingredient, % Negative control Poultry Peptone meal SMFM PEP+ 0 PEP-NS Corn.0..78...8 Soybean meal, (.% CP)..8.9.70.9.70 Spray-dried animal plasma.0.0.0.0.0.0 Select menhaden fish meal --- ---.00 --- --- --- Poultry meal ---.00 --- --- --- --- PEP+ --- --- ---.00 --- --- Peptone 0 --- --- --- ---.00 --- PEP-NS --- --- --- --- ---.00 Spray-dried whey.00.00.00.00.00.00 Soybean oil.00.00.00.00.00.00 Monocalcium P, ( % P) 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.80 0. Limestone.00 0. 0.0.0.07. Salt 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. Zinc oxide 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. Vitamin premix 7 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. Trace mineral premix 7 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. L-Lysine HCl 0.8 0.7 0. 0.7 0. 0. DL-Methionine 0.7 0. 0. 0. 0.8 0.7 L-Threonine 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.08 0. 0.09 Phytase 7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 00 00 00 00 00 00 continued 8
Table. Composition of diets, Phase (as-fed basis) % Nursery Nutrition and Management Item Negative control Poultry Peptone meal SMFM PEP+ 0 PEP-NS Calculated analysis Standardized ileal digestible (SID) amino acids, % Lysine.0.0.0.0.0.0 Isoleucine:lysine 8 7 Methionine:lysine Met & Cys:lysine 8 8 8 8 8 8 Threonine:lysine Tryptophan:lysine 8 8 7 8 8 8 Valine:lysine 9 8 7 Total lysine, %...... CP, %....8.. ME kcal/kg,,7,,0,0,0 Ca, % 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 P, % 0.7 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.9 Available P, % 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. Phase diets were fed from d 0 to 7 and were in meal form. Poultry meal; Hubbard Feeds, Mankato, MN. Special select menhaden fish meal; Omega Protein Corp., Houston, TX. PEP; TechMix, LLC, Stewart, MN. Peptone 0; TechMix, LLC, Stewart, MN. PEP-NS; TechMix, LLC, Stewart, MN. 7 Natuphos (BASF Animal Nutrition; Mount Olive, NJ) provided 09 FTU/kg, with a release of 0.0 available P. 8
Table. Composition of diets, Phase (as-fed basis) % Nursery Nutrition and Management Item Ingredient, % Negative control Poultry Peptone meal SMFM PEP+ 0 PEP-NS Corn...8... Soybean meal, (.% CP) 0.7.9.89.9.89.88 Select menhaden fish meal --- ---.00 --- --- --- Poultry meal ---.00 --- --- --- --- PEP+ --- --- ---.00 --- --- Peptone 0 --- --- --- ---.00 --- PEP-NS --- --- --- --- ---.00 Spray-dried whey 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Soybean oil.00.00.00.00.00.00 Monocalcium P, (% P).0 0.0 0..0..00 Limestone 0.88 0.0 0.8 0.9 0.9.07 Salt 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. Zinc oxide 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. Vitamin premix 7 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. Trace mineral premix 7 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. L-Lysine HCl 0. 0. 0.7 0. 0.8 0.8 DL-Methionine 0. 0. 0.0 0. 0. 0. L-Threonine 0. 0. 0.08 0.0 0. 0. Phytase 8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 00 00 00 00 00 00 continued 87
Table. Composition of diets, Phase (as-fed basis) % Nursery Nutrition and Management Item Negative control Poultry Peptone meal SMFM PEP+ 0 PEP-NS Calculated analysis Standardized ileal digestible amino acids, % Lysine.0.0.0.0.0.0 Isoleucine:lysine 0 0 0 Methionine:lysine Met & Cys:lysine 8 8 8 8 8 8 Threonine:lysine Tryptophan:lysine 7 8 7 8 7 8 Valine:lysine 7 9 7 8 Total lysine, %...... CP, % 0.7.0..7.. ME kcal/kg,,9,,8,,8 Ca, % 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 P, % 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 Available P, % 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Phase diets were fed from d to and were in meal form. Poultry meal; Hubbard Feeds, Mankato, MN. Special select menhaden fish meal; Omega Protein Corp., Houston, TX. PEP+; TechMix, LLC, Stewart, MN. Peptone 0; TechMix, LLC, Stewart, MN. PEP-NS; TechMix, LLC Stewart, MN. 7 Natuphos (BASF Animal Nutrition; Mount Olive, NJ) provided 09 FTU/kg, with a release of 0.0 available P. 88
Table. Effects of protein source on nursery pig performance, Item Control SMFM poultry PEP+ PEP-NS 7 Peptone 0 8 % % % % % Initial wt, lb...... --- d 0 to ADG, lb 0. a 0. bc 0. b 0. bc 0.7 c 0. a 0.0 ADFI, lb 0. a 0.7 c 0.7 bc 0.7 c 0.77 c 0. ab 0.0 F/G. ab. a.0 a.0 a. a. b 0.0 d to 9 9 ADG, lb. a.7 ab.8 ab.0 b.9 b. ab 0.0 ADFI, lb.77 a.9 b.9 b.9 b.0 b.79 a 0.0 F/G.9 ab.7 c. ac. bc.8 c.7 a 0.0 d 0 to 9 ADG, lb 0.7 a 0.8 c 0.8 bc 0.8 c 0.8 c 0.7 ab 0.0 ADFI, lb. a. c. bc. c.9 c. ab 0.0 F/G..0..9.9. 0.0 a,b,c Within a row, means without a common superscript differ at P < 0.0. A total of, nursery pigs (initial BW. lb) were used in a 9-d trial. Pigs were randomly allotted to of dietary treatments with pigs per pen and pens per treatment. Used d 0 body weight as covariate in analysis..% spray dried animal plasma (APC, Ames, IA) from d 0 to and no specialty protein sources from d to. Select menhaden fish meal; Hubbard Feeds, Mankato, MN. Poultry meal; Hubbard Feeds. PEP; TechMix, LLC, Stewart, MN. 7 Peptone 0; TechMix, LLC. 8 PEP-NS; TechMix, LLC. 9 Common diet was fed from d to 9. SEM 89