TIST GAIRO HABARI MOTO MOTO Tel. +255748-632013/537720, P.O.BOX 6049 MOROGORO E-Mail info@ tist.org July 2005 1. Agriculture Small groups that use conservation farming best practices always seem get some harvest, even in the very worst years when rainfall is little and unreliable. In good years the harvest can be spectacular! Small groups who use conservation farming are seeing a huge difference in their crop yields. Some groups have reported 5-10 times improvement in their crop yields. Farmers who use traditional farming methods cannot always be certain that he or she will get any harvest. Most years the harvest is small, and sometimes there is no harvest. Conservation farming works by digging the holes for the crops and filling the holes half full with good soil and manure or compost. The seeds therefore get many more nutrients than if they were planted in normal soil.the extra nutrients help the seeds to grow into stronger plants with greater yields. The holes protect the seeds and you can weed around the holes without hurting the germinating plants. The holes are very important. When the rains come instead of washing the good soil and the seeds away, the water goes into the holes and helps the seeds grow more. The combination of the holes and the manure means that the water is held near the seeds for longer so when the sun comes out again it does not take all the water away as fast. How to store crops 1. Kilimo Vikundi vidogo vinavyotumia njia madhubuti za kuhifadhi Mazingira kila mara vinaonekana kupata Mazao, Hata wakati wa miaka mibaya kabisa wakati Mvua ni chache na isiyo aminika. Katika miaka mizuri mazao huwa mazuri na yakupendeza vikundi vidogo ambavyo hutumia mbinu za kuhifadhi mazingira hupata mazao mazuri na kuona tofauti kubwa katika mazao yao.vikundi vingine vimepata ongezeko la mazao mara 5-10 zaidi. Kwa Wakulima wanaotumia njia ya asili hawana uhakika wa mavuno kwa miaka mingi mavuno ni madogo na wakati mwingine hakuna kabisa. Kilimo Hai hutumika kwa kuchimba mashimo ya mazao na kuyafukia kidogo kwa mbolea ya asili au samadi, hivyo mbegu hupata virutubisho zaidi kuliko kupanda katika udongo usio na mbolea. Rutuba zaidi husaidia mbegu kuota na kuwa mmea wenye nguvu na kutoa mazao zaidi. Mashimo ya kupandia hulinda mbegu na kuwazesha kupalilia magugu kuzunguka mmea unaoota. Mashimo ni kitu muhimu kabisa. Mvua inapokuja badala ya kuchukua udongo mzuri pamoja na mbegu maji huzama chini katika mashimo na kusaidia mbegu ziote zaidi. Mchanganyiko wa mashimo na mbolea ndio unaoshika maji yawe pamoja na mbegu kwa muda mrefu zaidi. Kwa hiyo jua linapokuja tena halikaushi maji yote kwa haraka. Jinsi ya kuhifadhi mazao ϖ Leave your crops in the field until they are ϖ Acha mazao yako shambani mpaka yakomae na kukauka kabisa kabla ya kuvuna. 1 Habari Moto Moto
mature enough before you harvest. ϖ Make sure crops are well dried before you process them for storage in the bags. ϖ Put a good floor in your storage room by using cement or cow manure. ϖ Inspect your crops from time to time as to see if termites are eating them. Traditional crop storage This information is for those who store their grain in a traditional crop store (kihenge, kilindo, ldong ha). The following practice has been tried and found to be effective for maize. The example is for 10 bags of maize, but the process can be scaled up or down as necessary. Requirements - 5 kg of dried neem seeds -10 bags of maize (each bag contains 7 tins of maize. A tin is a 20litre container). The maize should be dried and cleaned. -Traditional crop store made of wood, soil and animal dung. The inside of the store is plastered with animal dung. How to store 1. Grind the neem seeds to get a owder. 2. Sprinkle two cups of the neem seed powder over the floor of the store. 3. Pour in three bags of maize into the store. 4. Pour 1.5kg of neem seed powder over this maize. 5. Add another three bags of maize. 6. Pour 1kg of seed powder over this. 7. Add the remaining four bags of maize, then the remaining seed powder. 8. The store can be covered with soil, dung and wood if desired. 9. The stored crops can last for three years without being destroyed by pests. The crops can continue to be used throughout the years. 2. Agriculture This compost manure is a natural fertilizer to help your crops grow. It is better than chemical fertilizer because it is natural and has no damaging effects for the crops and environment. This method has been used by Chinolo and has proved to be very effective. Preparation of compost 1. Choose an area for your compost pit. It should be 4m by 4m. 2. Clean the area. 3. Dig a hole of diameter 3-4m and 1.5m deep. 4. Collect all the remains of the crops you have (e.g. the leaves and stalks of maize, millet, beans). Cut these remains into small pieces. ϖ Hakikisha mazao yako yanekauka vizuri kabla hujahifadhi kwa kuweka katika magunia. ϖ Tengeneza sakafu imara katika stoo yako kwa kutumia saruji au mavi ya ng ombe. ϖ Kagua mazao yako mara kwa mara ili kuona kama kuna wadudu waharibifu wanashambulia. Kuhifadhi Mazao kwa njia asilia Hii ni kwa ajili ya wale wanaohifadhi mazao yao kwa njia za asili (Kihenge, Kilindo, Idong ha). Mbinu zifuatazo zimejaribiwa na kuonekana uwa na manufaa kwa zao la mahindi. Mfano mzuri ni kwa magunia 10 ya mahindi lakini idadi yake yaweza kuongezeka au kupungua kama ni muhimu. Mahitaji - Mbegu kavu za Muarobaini kilo 5. - Magunia kumi ya mahindi (kila gunia liwe na madebe saba. Debe moja ni lita 20). Mahindi yawe yamekauka na yamesafishwa vizuri. - Maghala asilia hutengenezwa kwa kutumia mbao/miti, udongo and vinyesi vya wanyama. Jinsi ya kuhifadhi 1. Twanga mbegu za muarubaini kupata unga. 2. Nyunyiza vikombe viwili vya unga wa mbegu za muarubaini kwenye sakafu ya ghara. 3. Mwaga magunia matatu ya mahindi kwenye ghara. 4. Weka unga wa muarubaini kiasi cha kilo 1.5 kwenye mahindi. 5. Ongeza magunia matatu ya mahindi. 6. Weka kilo 1 ya unga wa muarubaini. 7. Ongeza kiasi cha maguni 4 ya mahindi kilichobakia, kisha malizia kiasi cha unga wa muarubaini kilichobaki. 8. Ghala linaweza kufunikwa na udongo,kinyesi cha wanyama na mbao kama inapendezewa. 9. Mahindi yaliyohifadhiwa yanaweza kukaa kwa muda wa miaka mitatu bila kuharibiwa na mdudu yeyote. Mahindi hayo yanaweza kuendelea kutumika kwa miaka hiyo. 2. Kilimo Mboji ni mbolea ya asili ambayo inasaidia mazao yako kukua. Mbolea hii ni bora kuliko ile ya chumvichumvi kwa sababu ni ya asili na haina madhara kwa mazao na mazingira. Utengenezaji wa mbolea ya mboji 1. Andaa eneo zuri lenye ukubwa wa upana mita 4 na urefu mita 4. 2. Kisha safisha eneo hilo 3. Baada ya kusafisha chimba shimo lenye ukubwa wa vipimo Upana wa shimo mita 3 na urefu mita 3 au 4 kina kwenda chini ft 5 au 6. Weka udongo pembeni. 2 Habari Moto Moto
5. Put these crops remains into the hole up to a depth of 0.5m. 6. Then add 5 litres of ash. 7. Next add about 30cm (or as much as available) of animal dung (e.g. dung from pig, cow, goat or chicken). 8. Next put another layer of crop leaves and stalks (0.5m) 9. Add another 5 litres of ash. 10. Add the leaves and stalks again until the hole is almost filled. 11. Finally add a layer of soil until the hole is filled. 12. Whilst filling the hole with soil, put a long stick in the middle of the hole so it reaches the bottom. 13. Leave the compost pit for 90 days (3 months). 14. During this period use your dirty water to water the compost pit. For example, after cleaning your house or clothes, empty the used water over the compost pit. If you have animals you can also pour animal urine over the pit. 15. Try to water the compost pit in this way every day, or whenever water is available. 16. After the 90 days the manure will be ready. You can see it is ready because the area will be grey and powdery (due to the soapy water you used and the ash). Use of compost When you have dug your holes for planting maize, millet or other crops, add one handful of compost to each hole. 3. Tree Planting Seed sowing - Some seeds that germinate readily can be sown directly into the field or into pots. Species that require special conditions to germinate are sown into a seedbed first. - Remember that some seeds will require pretreatment, as discussed last month. - The time taken for germination depends on the seed type, the temperature, the amount of water available and the age of the seed. - Generally sowing is done just before the rainy season starts. - As a general guide, if seeds are being sowed directly into the field they should be planted at a depth two to three times their diameter and should be covered firmly with soil. The soil should then be kept moist. Seedbeds A. Use Seedbeds provide a carefully controlled environment 4. Andaa mabaki ya masalia ya mimea kama vile majani, mabuwa ya mahindi, mtama, maharage au jamii yoyote ya mikunde kata kata vipande. 5. Weka ndani ya shimo vipande vilivyokatwa jaza ft 2. 6. Weka majivu kiasi cha ujazo wa lita 5. 7. Weka Futi 1 ya kinyesi cha wanyama kama vile ng ombe, mbuzi, nguruwe au kuku. Au nyingi jisi itakavyopatikana na kulingana na ukubwa wa shimo lako. 8. Weka tena mabaki ya mimea yaliyokatwakatwa jaza futi 1.5. 9. Weka majivu lita 5. 10. Jaza tena majani yaliyokatwakatwa weka juu hadi shimo kujaa kabisa 11. Rudisha udongo juu fukia vizuri kabisa shimo. 12. Unapokuwa unafukia chomeka mti mwembamba kati kati ya shimo mti wenye urefu wa futi 6. 13. Mbolea hiyo iache ikae ndani ya shimo kwa muda wa siku 90. Yaani miezi 3. 14. Baada ya kufukia kila unapofua nguo maji yale yenye sabuni mwaga kwenye shimo lako la mbolea kama una mifugo kinga hata mkojo wa ng ombe na kumwaga kwenye shimo. 15. Endelea kumwaga maji machafu kwenye shimo kila unapoyapata. 16. Baada ya miezi 3 mbolea itakuwa imeoza na kuweka rangi ya poda pia itakuwa ina chumvi chumvi kwa sababu ya majivu pamoja na maji ambayo yalikuwa yana sabuni. Matumizi ya mboji. Ukishachimba mashimo kwa ajili ya kupanda mahindi, mtama na mazao mengine weak kiganja kimoja cha mbolea katika kila shimo. 3. Upandaji wa Miti Kupandikiza Mbegu - -Baadhi ya mbegu ambazo zinaota haraka zaweza kupandwa moja kwa moja shambani au kwenye kitalu. Mbegu zinazohitaji maandalizi maalumu ili ziote zinatakiwa zipandwe kwenye vitalu kwanza. - Kumbuka kwamba baadhi ya mbegu zinahitaji maandalizi ya awali kama ilivyojadiliwa mwezi uliopita. - Muda unaotumiwa na mbegu kuota hutegemea aina ya mbegu, kiasi cha joto na kiasi cha majimaji yaliyopo - Kwa ujumla upandaji hufanyika kabla ya majira ya mvua kuanza. - Kwa maelekezo ya jumla, upandaji wa moja kwa moja mbegu ipandwe na kufukiwa vizuri kwa udongo. halafu pamwagaliwe. - Fuata maelekezo ya vitalu. Vitalu A. Matumizi Vitalu vinasaidia kutunza mazingira kwani mbegu 3 Habari Moto Moto
for seeds needing special care in order to germinate successfully. They are rectangular areas of prepared soil that can be covered and watered according to the seed s requirements. B. Preparation Collect and sieve manure Prepare the soil that will go in the seedbeds. Mix the soil and manure together. Some people find a good soil mixture for nurseries is 3 parts of topsoil from forest areas, 2 parts of sand and 1 part of manure. You could use other natural fertilizers too (e.g. compost manure). If the soil is very sticky and heavy (clayey) add some more sand. Prepare the area for the seedbeds: each seedbed should be 1m wide (a good width for watering and weeding) and 5-10m long depending on how many seedlings will be grown. There should be 60cm paths between each bed. Mark out the seedbed with straight lines using string and break up the soil Make a low earth embankment around each seedbed to prevent water running off and causing erosion. The embankment can also be made of bricks or stones. Fill the bottom of the seedbed with a layer of stones about 5 cm thick (or put a layer of nylon material at the bottom). This is to prevent long roots from penetrating too deep. Fill the seedbed with the prepared soil, but make sure the height is less than that of the embankments so that water will not run off. Make sure the final seedbed is level. The distance between seed rows should be 15cm apart. The depth of sowing the seeds should be equal to the diameter of the seeds. The spacing between seeds along the row should be 5 cm. Cover the seeds with fine soil. The seedbed can be covered by mulching. In mulching, use litter that does not rot quickly to avoid ants, termites and other pests. For seeds that need shading from the sun during germination, make a cover from local materials e.g. bamboo and grass. Raise the cover as the seedlings grow so as not to deform the shoots. When possible water the seeds in the morning (e.g. 6am-9am) and the evening (e.g. 5pm 7pm). 4. HIV & AIDS HIV is a small germ called a virus. A virus makes people sick. When people get infected with the HIV virus they are said to be HIV positive. The HIV virus attacks our bodies immune system. The immune system is what helps us fight diseases. So HIV makes our bodies weaker and less able to fight other sicknesses. After the HIV virus has stayed in the body for a long time, the body is not able to fight off zinahitaji uangalifu ili ziweze kuota vizuri. Ni maeneo ya udongo ya pembe nne ambayo yanaweza kufunikwa na kumwagiliwa kulingana na mahitaji ya mbegu. B. Maandalizi Kusanya na kuchekecha mbolea. Andaa udongo utakaouweka kwenye kitalu chako. Changanya udongo na mbolea pamoja. Baadhi ya watu wanapata udongo mzuri uliochanganyika kwa ajili ya vitalu unaopatikana kutoka sehemu tatu za juu za udongo unaopatikana maeneo ya msituni, Katika hizo sehemu 3, sehemu mbili ni mchanga na sehemu 1 ni mbolea. Unaweza kuongeza mbolea ya samadi pia (mf. Mboji). Kama udongo utakuwa unashikana sana na ni mzito (mfinyanzi) ongeza mchanga zaidi. Andaa eneo la vitalu: Kila kitalu kiwe na upana wa mita 1(ni upana mzuri kwa kumwagilia na kupalilia) na urefu wa mita 5-10 kutegemea kiasi cha mbegu kitakachopandwa. Kuwe na sentimita 60 kati ya kitalu na kitalu. Tenganisha vitalu katika mistari iliyonyooka kwa kutumia kamba. Tengeneza kituta kidogo kuzunguka kitalu ili kuzuia maji yasitoke nje ya kitalu na kusababisha mmomonyoko. Vituta vyaweza kutengenezwa kwa kutumia matofari au mawe. Chini ya kitalu kuwekwe mawe yenye upana wa sentimita 5 au nailoni ili kuzuia mizizi mirefu isiende chini zaidi Jaza kitalu kwa udongo uliouandaa lakini hakikisha kwamba urefu wake hauzidi ule wa kituta cha pembeni ili maji yasitoke nje. Hakikisha kwamba kitalu chako kimesawazishwa vizuri. Umbali kati ya mistari ya mbegu iwe sentimita 15. Kina cha kupanda mbegu kinatakiwa kiwe sawa na kipenyo cha mbegu. Umbali kati ya mbegu na mbegu ziwe sentimita 5. Fukia mbegu kwa udongo laini. Kitalu kinaweza kufunikwa kwa majani makavu. Chagua majani ambayo hayaozi kwa urahisi ili kuzuia mashambulizi ya mchwa na wadudu wengine waharibifu Kwa zile mbegu ambazo zinahitaji vivuli kwa ajili ya kuota funika kwa njia za asili kama vile mianzi na majani. Inua majani yako kadri miche inavyokuwa ili kuzuia isipinde. Kama itawezekana mwagilia miche yako asubuhi (mfano saa 12- saa 3) na jioni (saa 11- saa1.00 ). 4. VIRUSI & UKIMWI Kirusi cha Ukimwi ni mdudu mdogo anayeitwa kirusi. Kirusi kinamfanya mtu aumwe. Virusi vinapoingia mwilini mwa mtu tunasema kuwa mtu huyo ana HIV positive.. Virusi vinashambulia mfumo wetu wa kinga mwilini. Mfumo wa kinga ndio ambao unatusaidia kutukinga na magonjwa. Kwa hiyo Virusi vinafanya miili yetu kuwa dhaifu na kushindwa kupambana na magonjwa mengine.. Baada ya Virusi kukaa ndani ya mwili kwa muda 4 Habari Moto Moto
disease any more. This stage is called AIDS. People with AIDS are therefore very vulnerable to other diseases. People often die due to other illnesses that the body can no longer fight, such as TB. Symptoms of AIDS are very difficult to define as different people respond in different ways to the disease. The following details are therefore only a general guide. This information tells us what kinds of symptoms are common at different stages of the illness. Remind people that if they are worried for themselves or others they should see a doctor for advice. Adults 1. The first stage of the disease is the time of infection. The HIV virus enters the body and attaches itself to white blood cells. At this time there is no trace of the virus and blood tests still appear HIV negative. Most people do not develop any symptoms at the time and can feel fine. 2. Once the HIV virus has entered the white blood cells, the virus reproduces quickly, damaging and destroying the white blood cells at the same time. These white blood cells are the ones that help the body to fight disease, so when HIV damages the cells the person s ability to fight disease decreases. 3. 4-12 weeks after infection is when some people may start to feel symptoms. The HIV virus is being released into the body and the body s immune system is trying to respond by producing more white blood cells to attack the virus. People may feel like they have flu: fever, headaches, enlarged lymph nodes (swollen glands in the neck, armpit and groin), tiredness, nausea, night sweats and diarrhoea. This stage is called Acute HIV syndrome and people are very infectious as they now have a high concentration of the HIV virus. At this stage blood tests will start to show the person is HIV positive. 4. These flu-like symptoms often disappear after one week to one month. Things start to settle down and the person can feel well again. The virus continues to multiply in the body, but the immune system also continues to battle against it. This stage is called the latent phase and can last several months to more than a decade. 5. After a period of time, which varies from person to person, (a few months to over ten years) the virus numbers are so high that the body cannot keep control. The immune system starts to weaken, resulting in the person getting mrefu mwili unashindwa kupambana na magonjwa mengine. Kwa hiyo hatua hii huitwa ukimwi. Watu wenye Ukimwi huwa ni wadhaifu kwa magonjwa mengine. Watu hufa kwa magonjwa ambayo mwili umeshindwa kupambana nayo, kama vile kifua kikuu. Ni vigumu kuelezea dalili za Ukimwi maana watu huonyesha dalili tofauti tofauti. Maelezo yafuatayo ni mtazamo wa jumla tu. Maelezo haya hutuelezea dalili zipi hutokea katika kipindi kipi cha ugonjwa. Wakumbushe kwamba kama watu wana hofu ju ya afya zao wawaone wataalam kwa ajili ya ushauri zaidi. Watu Wazima 1. Hatua ya kwanza ya Ugonjwa ni kipindi cha Uambukizo. Virusi vya Ukimwi huingia mwilini na kujishikiza katika seli hai nyeupe za damu. Kwa kipindi hiki huwezi kutambua Virusi na hata ukipima vipimo vitaonyesha HIV negativu. wengi hawaonyeshi dalili yoyote kwa kipindi hiki na hujiona wazima. 2. Pindi virusi vinapoingia katika chembe hai nyeupe za damu, huzaliana haraka sana, na kuziharibu chembe hizo. Chembe hizo ndizo zinazolinda mwili na kupambana na magonjwa. Kwa hiyo Virusi vikishambulia chembe hizo uwezo wa mwili kujikinga na magonjwa hupungua. 3. Wiki 4-12 baada ya maambukizo ndipo mtu anaweza kuonyesha dalili. Virusi vinapoanza kushambulia mwili na mfumo wa kinga hujitahidi kuzuia kwa kuzalisha chembe hai zaidi. Watu wanaweza kuhisi wanaumwa mafua, homa, kichwa, kuvimba matezi ya shingo, kwapa na kinena, uchovu, kichefuchefu kutokwa na jasho wakati wa usiku, na kuharisha. Huu tunauita Ukimwi joto na watu huathirika zaidi kwani huwa na kiwango kikubwa cha virusi. Kwa kipindi hiki vipimo vitaonyesha kwamba mtu ameathirika na ukimwi. 4. Dalili hizo za mafua hupotea baada ya wiki moja hadi mwezi mmoja. Dalili hizo huanza kupotea na mgonjwa hujihisi mzima tena. Virusi huzidi kuongezeka mwilini, lakini kinga za mwili huendelea kupigana zaidi. Kipindi hiki huitwa Ukimwi baridi na kinaweza kudumu kwa muda wa miezi kadhaa au hata miaka 10. 5. Baada ya muda, kutegemeana na mtu na mtu (miezi michache hadi ya miaka kumi) idadi ya virusi huwa imeongezeka sana na mwili hushindwa kumudu. Kinga za mwili huanza kudhoofu, na kumfanya mgonjwa ashambuliwe na magonjwa mengine kwa 5 Habari Moto Moto
other infections and diseases more easily. These diseases are called opportunistic infections and this stage is called AIDS-related complex. Some of the signs may be: - Boils or warts spreading over the body - The mouth being infected with thrush (a thick white coating) - Severe shingles (herpes zoster) which are painful blisters in a band of red skin - Tiredness - High temperature and night sweats - Losing body weight - Diarrhoea lasting more than a month - Skin rashes or flaky skin - Yeast infections - Cold sores and genital herpes - Cancers and tumours - Swollen lymph nodes - Short-term memory loss - Pelvic inflammatory disease - Tuberculosis and pneumonia 6. The final stage is full AIDS. This is where the body cannot get rid of some infections. Symptoms may include: - Brain damage (difficulties in thinking, balancing and moving, changes in behaviour, loss of memory, confusion) - Chest infections. A particularly common chest infection is tuberculosis (TB). - Prolonged coughing, loss of breath, painful swallowing - Fever - Fatigue and dizziness - Nausea, vomiting, stomach pains - Kaposi s sarcoma (pigmented hard painless patches on the skin) and mouth blemishes - Cervical cancer - Vaginal yeast infections - Unexplained bleeding - Loss of muscle control and strength Children Children born with HIV may show signs of AIDS after six months or more. As with adults, proper care can prolong their lives. Signs of AIDS in children may urahisi. Magonjwa haya hujulikana kama opportunistic infection na kipindi hiki hujulikana kama Ukimwi moto. Mtu anaweza kuonyesha dalili zifuatazo: - Kupatwa na majipu na upele mwilini. - Utandu mweupe kuzunguka mdomo - Herpes zoster - Kuchoka - Kuwa na joto kali na kutokwa na jasho wakati wa usiku. - Kupungua kwa uzito. - Kuharisha kwa zaidi ya mwezi mmoja. - Kupatwa na ukurutu. - Maambukizi ya fangusi - Kupatwa na vidonda sehemu za siri - Kansa na uvimbe. - Kuvimba kwa matezi - Kupoteza kumbukumbu kwa muda. - Magonjwa ya nyonga. - Kifua kikuu na rimonia. 6. Hatua ya mwisho ni ukimwi kamili. Hapa mwili unashindwa kuzuia maambukizi. Dalili zake ni kama zifuatazo: - Kuathirika kwa ubongo (Kushindwa kufikiri, Kushindwa kujizuia, kubadilika kwa tabia, kupoteza kumbukumbu na kuchanganyikiwa). - Maambukizo ya kifua hasa kifua kikuu. - Kukohoa kwa mfululizo, kupumua kwa taabu, kupata maumivu wakati wa kumeza chakula. - Homa. - Kuzimia na kupata kizunguzungu. - Kichefuchefu, na kutapika, maumivu ya tumbo. - Kaposi s sarcoma (vinundu vigumu kwenye ngozi visivyo na maumivu) na kupauka mdomo. - Kansa ya uzazi. - Kuathirika kwa sehemu za siri za mwanamke. - Kuvuja kwa damu kusiko zuirika. - Kulegea kwa misuri na kukosa nguvu. Watoto. Watoto wanaozaliwa na Virusi huonyesha dalili za Ukimwi baada ya miezi sita au zaidi. Ni kama watu wazima huitaji uangalizi wa ili kuweza 6 Habari Moto Moto
include: - Failure to gain weight or grow normally. - HIV-infected children may be slower to crawl, walk and speak. - As the disease progresses, many children develop other problems such as having difficulty walking, and performing badly at school. - Children with HIV suffer the usual childhood bacterial infections, but more frequently and severely than uninfected children. These bacterial infections can cause seizures, fever, pneumonia, recurrent colds, diarrhea, dehydration and other problems that require hospital attention. - HIV-infected children frequently have severe candidiasis, a yeast infection that can cause nappy rash and infections in the mouth and throat that make eating difficult. Comments: As you can see, the symptoms of AIDS are complicated and variable. Having these symptoms does not necessarily mean you have AIDS many other illnesses can produce similar symptoms. The best way to know is to get a blood test. We have learnt that some people may not develop full AIDS for over a decade after they have been infected with HIV. During this time the person may look and feel completely healthy and strong. It is not possible to tell if someone has AIDS just by looking at him or her. Again, the only way to properly know is through a blood test. The topic of blood testing will be covered next month. Even though these symptoms sound frightening, remember that with proper care from family, friends and the community, an infected person can survive for much longer. We shall look at caring for AIDS patients in September onwards. 5. Animal Husbandry Goat Keeping Goat husbandry Keeping goats is one way to increase the owner s level of income without requiring expensive inputs. Goats are tolerant to various diseases and they also don t need much care. The cost of housing and feeding is minimal but income can be high through the selling of the goats. Heat period Female goats reach heat period at the age of 9-12 months but can start to want to mate from the age of 3-4 months. Heat period is when the female will accept the male and mate. The best times to look for signs for heat are in the mornings and evenings. Signs that the female is in heat include: kurefusha maisha. Dalili za Ukimwi kwa watoto ni kama zifuatazo: - Kuto kuongezeka uzito na kuto kukuwa vizuri. - Mtoto aliyeambukizwa virusi anaweza kuchelewa kutambaa, kutembea, kuongea. - Jinsi ugonjwa unavyoendelea, watoto wengi huanza kupatwa matatizo mengine kwa mfano kutembea kwa taabu, na kushindwa. kufanya vizuri shuleni. - Watoto wenye Virusi husumbuliwa na magonjwa ya bacteria kama watoto wengine, lakini wao huwa ni mara kwa mara. Haya maambukizo ya bacteria husababisha, homa, nimonia, Kuharisha na kuishiwa na maji mwilini, na magonjwa mengine ambayo uhitaji uangalizi wa kutosha kutoka hospitali. - Mtoto husumbuliwa na vidonda mdomoni na pia huwa na vidonda kwenye koo ambavyo humfanya kushindwa kula vizuri. Ushauri: Kama unavyoona, dalili za Ukimwi zinachanganya na zipo. Kwa hiyo kuwa na dalili hizi haimanishi kuwa una ukimwi - magonjwa mengine huwa na dalili kama hizi. Njia nzuri ya kufahamu ni kupima damu yako. Tunafahamu kwamba kuna watu wakishaambukizwa virusi hawaonyeshi dalili za ukimwi mpaka baada ya miaka kumi. Katika kipindi hiki mtu uonekana na kujisikia mzima wa afya. Si rahisi kusema fulani ana Ukimwi kwa kumuangalia tu. Tena tunashauri njia bora kupima damu. Somo la upimaji wa damu tutalifundisha mwezi ujao. Ingawa hizi dalili huonyesha zinatisha, kumbuka uangalizi mzuri kutoka kwenye familia, marafiki na jamii inayomzunguka inaweza kumsaidia mgonjwa kuishi kwa muda mrefu. Tutaangalia jinsi ya kumuuguza mgonjwa wa Ukimwi mwezi wa tisa. 5. Ufugaji wanyama ufugaji wa mbuzi Ufugaji wa Mbuzi wa Kisasa Ufugaji wa mbuzi ni njia mojawapo ya kuongeza kipato chako bila ya kuhitaji gharama kubwa. Mbuzi ni wavumilivu kwa magonjwa mengi mbalimbali na pia hawahitaji uangalizi mkubwa. Gharama za mabanda na ulishaji sio kubwa ukilinganisha na mapato baada ya kuuza mbuzi hao. Kipindi cha kupandisha Mbuzi jike anaanza kuwa katika kipindi cha kupevuka anapokuwa na umri wa miezi 9 12, lakini anaweza kuanza kupandwa akiwa na umri wa miezi 3 4, kipindi cha joto ni pale mbuzi jike atakapokubali kupandwa na mbuzi dume. Muda mzuri wa kuangalia kuwa mbuzi kama yuko kwenye kipindi cha joto ni asubuhi jioni. Dalili kwamba mbuzi jike yupo kwenye kipindi cha joto ni kama: 7 Habari Moto Moto
- Allowing other goats to mount them - The vulva swells and the area around the tail becomes wet and dirty. - Restlessness and becoming noisier. The female goats should be separated from male goats until the appropriate age is reached to prevent premature reproduction. When a female gets pregnant too early it can result in her death. When a female shows the proper signs of heat she can be introduced to a chosen male for mating, or can be arranged to be artificially inseminated. The duration of heat is short (1-3 days), but a healthy female will come back into heat after 17 days. Pregnancy The length of pregnancy is 5 months so a goat can reproduce twice a year and or 3 times every 2 years. Signs of pregnancy include the animal becoming quieter and the swelling of the belly. The pregnant goat will need more feed. Do not keep the goat tied up all day, but observe her twice a day for signs of birth. Birth When the time of birth approaches there are some signs to watch for: - The animal keeps away from others - The vulva becomes swollen and the skin becomes loose - The animal becomes restless and does not eat well - A discharge from the vulva will start a few days before birth Once these signs are showing make sure the goats hut is clean and well-covered with grass. The goat may give birth while standing or lying down. Caring for the kid after birth As soon as the kid has been born make sure it is breathing. If not, put a straw into the nostril to stimulate breathing. Make sure that the mother licks the kid to remove membranes or mucus stuck over the kid s mouth and nose. If this does not happen the kid could suffocate. If the umbilical cord is still attached cut it with a clean sharp knife or a pair of scissors. Put tincture of iodine on the navel to prevent infection. Give the mother clean, fresh water to drink after birth. Check that she is producing milk from both teats and let the kid suckle. Make sure the kid suckles its mother s milk. If it fails to do this then help the kid by opening its - Anawaruhusu mbuzi wengine wampande - Sehemu ya nyuma huvimba nasehemu za kuzunguka mkia huwa na unyevu na chafu - Hatulii na hupiga kelele sana Mbuzi jike anapaswa kutengwa na mbuzi dume mpaka atakapofikia kipindi kizuri cha kuanza kuzaa ili kuzuia mbuzi kuzaa mapema. Kama mbuzi jike atapata mimba akiwa na umri mdogo anaweza kufa. Kama mbuzi jike ataonyesha dalili halisi za kupandwa unaweza ukamweka pamoja na mbuzi dume aliyechaguliwa kwa ajili ya kupandisha au kutumia njia za kisasa za kupandisha. Kipindi cha joto ni kifupi (siku 1 3) lakini mbuzi mwenye afya atarudia tena katika joto baada ya siku 17. kwa kila mtoto atakayezaliwa. Mimba Kipindi cha mbuzi kubeba mimba ni miezi mitano hivyo mbuzi atazaa mara mbili kwa mwaka au mara tatu kila baada ya miaka miwili. Dalili za mbuzi kuwa na mimba ni pamoja na mnyama kuwa mtulivu na kuvimba tumbo. Mbuzi mwenye mimba huhitaji chakula cha kutosha. Hupaswi kumfunga mbuzi kwa siku nzima, lakini mchunguze mara mbili kwa siku ili kuona dalili ya siku ya kuzaa. Kuzaa Kipindi cha mbuzi kuzaa kinapokaribia kuna dalili za kuangalia:- - Mnyama hujitenga na wenzake - Mfuko wa uzazi wa mnyama huvimba na ngozi husinyaa - Mnyama kutotulia na kukosa hamu ya chakula - Mfuko wa uzazi kujitokeza kabla ya siku ya mnyama kuzaa. Mara tu dalili hizo zinapoonekana hakikisha kuwa banda la mbuzi limesafishwa na kufunikwa vizuri kwa nyasi. Mbuzi anaweza kuzaa akiwa amesimama au amelala chini. Matunzo baada ya mtoto kuzaliwa. Mara tu mtoto anapozaliwa hakikisha anapumua, kama hapumui mwekee majani makavu kwenye pua ili yamsaidie kupumua Hakikisha mama yake anamramba kwenye pua na mdomoni kutoa uchafu. Kama haitatokea mtoto anaweza kushindwa kupumua. Mpe mama yake maji masafi anywe baada ya kuzaa. Angalia kama maziwa yanatoka kwenye chuchu zote na mruhusu mtoto anyonye. Hakikisha mtoto ananyonya maziwa ya mama yake. Kama tashindwa kunyonya msaidie kwa kumfumbua mdomo wake na kumwekea chuchu ya mama yake mdomoni. Kama bado atashindwa mkamulie maziwa mdomoni. Kama mama alipata matatizo wakati wa kuzaa angalia 8 Habari Moto Moto
mouth and putting the mother s teat inside. If the kid still fails to suck then milk the teat for it. If the mother had difficulty giving birth check there are no dead young still in the uterus. If there are, remove them as they will cause an infection which will kill her. The afterbirth should come out within 3 hours. If it has not appeared after 14 hours get veterinary help. There will be an afterbirth for each kid that was born. Normally kids can be left with their mothers. Continue to leave them together if there are no problems. Kids will suckle from their mother until they are 4months old, but will start to show an interest in green plants from 3 weeks of age. The male kids which are not good enough for breeding should be castrated using burdizzors or elastrators at the age of 2-3 months. After castration the males will become bigger and good for meat. For more details contact your livestock experts. These males should be sold at the age of 8 months - 2 years to get the maximum profit intended. Feeding Goats usually eat many types of food but they prefer to eat shrubs rather than grass like cows. The goats should eat shrubs for up to 8 hours a day (leguminous trees are best). Goats need food like grass, shrub leaves, and leguminous leaves like leucaena, morus (mulberry), calliandra and sesbania, and other indigenous leaves. Additional food: If the food available is not sufficient the goats will become weak or can start to eat sand. When you see these signs give them additional minerals like iodine. Try feeding the goat the waste material from the processing of coconuts, groundnuts, cottonseed or palm oil mixed with a little salt. See your livestock expert for more details. Water: make sure the goats are given clean water every day. The water should be near to, or inside, the goats hut. Milking Goats milk is good and has many more nutrients than cows milk. Make sure you are milking the goat twice per day in order to get enough milk. Milk the goat in the morning and the evening and keep the same times each day. Goats used for milk should be separated from male goats to prevent their bad smell affecting the fresh milk. The goats used for milk must be given enough fodder. Health When young goats reach the age of 2 months they should be vaccinated against certain diseases. They should be put through a dip twice a week during the wet season and once a week during the dry season. This is in order to prevent diseases from ticks, to kill bacteria and prevent skin disease. Ask a local expert for more help.sanitation is also very important for health; sleeping areas should be clean and dry. kuwa hakuna kiumbe kilichokufa ndani ya mfuko wa uzazi. Kama kipo basi kiondoe kwa kuwa kinaweza kusababisha madhala ambayo yanaweza kumsababishia kifo. Kondo la uzazi linatakiwa kutoka ndani ya masaa matatu. Na kama halitajitokeza hata baada ya masaa 14 basi pata msaada kutoka kwa bwana mifugo. Kutakuwa na kondo la uzazi kwa kila mtoto atakaye zaliwa. Kwa kawaida mtoto huachwa na mama yake waendelee kukaa pamoja kama hakuna tatizo. Mbuzi mdogo atanyonya kwa mama yake mpaka atakapofikisha miezi 4 lakini atapenda kula majani baada ya wiki 3 za kuzaliwa. Mbuzi dume ambaye mbegu si nzuri anatakiwa kuhasiwa anapofikisha miezi 2 3. Baaada ya kuhasiwa madume yatakuwa makubwa na mazuri kwa nyama. Kwa maelezo zaidi wasiliana na Bwana mifugo aliye karibu nawe. Madume yaliyohasiwa yauzwe katika kipindi cha miezi 8 hadi miaka 2 ili kupata faida kubwa iliyokusudiwa. Malisho Kwa kawaida mbuzi hula aina nyingi za chakula lakini hupendelea kula vichaka kuliko majani kama ng ombe, Mbuzi wale vichaka kwa masaa 8 kwa siku (jamii ya kunde ni bora zaidi) Mbuzi huitaji chakula kama majani, vichaka majani jamii ya kunde kama Lusina, sasbenia na majani mengine ya asili Chakula cha ziada. Kama chakula kilichopo hakitoshi mbuzi atakuwa dhaifu au anaweza akaanza kula mchanga pindi uonapo dalili hizi mpe nyongeza ya madini ya chumvi. Jaribu kumlisha mbuzi mabaki au mashudu ya nazi, karanga, pamba na mafuta ya chikichi changanya na chumvi kidogo. Muone Bwana mifugo kwa maelezo zaidi Maji:Hakikisha mbuzi wanapewa maji safi kila siku. Maji lazima yawe karibu au ndani ya kibanda cha mbuzi Ukamuaji Maziwa ya mbuzi ni mazuri na yana virutubisho vingi kuliko maziwa ya ng ombe. Hakikisha mbuzi wako unamkamua mara 2 kwa siku ili kupata maziwa ya kutosha wakati wa asubuhi na wakati wa jioni na jaribu kufanya hivyo kila siku kwa muda huo. Mbuzi wanaotumika kwa kupata maziwa wanapaswa kutengwa na mbuzi madume ili kuzuia halufu mbaya ambayo itaharibu maziwa. Mbuzi watumikao kwa kupata maziwa wanapaswa kupewa chakula cha kutosha. Afya Mbuzi wadogo watakapofikisha miezi 2 wapatiwe chanjo kuwakinga na magonjwa. Wawekwe kwenye josho mara mbili kwa wiki kipindi cha masika namara moja kwa wiki kipindi cha kiangazi. Ili kuwakinga na magonjwa yanayotokana na kupe na kuua vimelea na kuwakinga na magonjwa ya ngozi.muone Bwana mifugo kwa msaada zaidi. Usafi ni kitu muhimu sana kwa afya ya mbuzi sehemu za kulala ziwe safi na kavu. Hakikisha watoto wa mbuzi wanapewa dawa ya minyoo katika umri wa miezi 2. Endelea kutibu minyoo ya mbuzi kila baada ya miezi mitatu. Make sure that kids are given de-worming medicine 9 Habari Moto Moto
from the age of 2 months. Continue to de-worm the goats every 3 months. If there is a sick goat in the group make sure it is separated from the others. Then consult a livestock expert to help. A sick animal can be identified by the following signs: loss of appetite, unsettled behaviour and isolating itself from others. Kama kuna mbuzi anayeumwa katika kundi hakikisha unamtenga na wengine. Kisha muone bwana mifugo kwa msaada zaidi. Mnyama mgonjwa hugundulika kutokana na dalili zifuatazo:- kupoteza hamu ya kula, kuwa na tabia za kipekee na kujitenga mwenyewe na wenzake. TIST Program Participation To get a voucher have to submit three SGMRs in a row. For example: If a group hands in SGMRs for May, June and July, they should receive their voucher at the node meeting in August. If a group misses a node meeting due to unavoidable circumstances then they can hand in that SGMR at the next node meeting. For example, if a group misses a meeting in February due to flooding problems, they can hand in the February and March SGMRs at the March node meeting. Note that only one late SGMR is allowed. If you miss two months only the most recent SGMR will be counted. Every three months each group will receive a statement explaining how much money they are owed, and why they have not received a voucher yet. Make sure groups understand their statements and ask any questions to the TIST staff at the node meeting. Some groups are complaining that the value of their vouchers is too small, especially if they need to use transport money to get to the bank. Please encourage such groups to plant more trees so that their vouchers become worth more! Finally, remind groups that they need to open a bank account to receive a voucher. Make sure participants know how to open an account and ask groups who successfully opened one to show others how to. Notices Remember to make sure everybody knows where and when the next node meeting is. Kushiriki mpango wa TIST Ili kupata vocha unatakiwa kutuma taarifa sahihi tatu kwa mfululizo. Kwa mfano kama kikundi kimepeleka taarifa sahihi za mwezi kwa May, juni na Julai atatazamiwa kupokea vocha mwezi wa Agosti. Kama kikundi kimekosa kuhudhuria node kwa sababu zisizozuilika wanaweza kuleta taarifa yao sahihi kwa mwezi unaofuata katika mkutano wa nodi. Kwa mfano kama kikundi kimekosa kuleta taarifa ya mwezi wa Februari kwa ajili ya mafuriko kipindi cha mvua, anaweza kuleta taarifa hiyo pamoja na taarifa ya mwezi Marchi katika mkutano wa nodi wa mwezi Machi. Ukikosa miezi miwili mfululizo fomu moja tu ya sasa ndiyo itakayoweza kuingizwa kwenye komputa. Kila miezi mitatu kikundi kitapokea maelezo kuelezea ni kiasi gani cha pesa kilichopo kwa ajili malipo na kwanini hakijapokea vocha bado. Hakikisa vikundi vinaelewa vizuri maelezo yaliyopo kwenye vocha na waruhusu kuuliza maswali kwa wafanyakazi wa UMET iwezekanovyo. Baadhi ya vikundi hulalamika kuwa pesa zilizopo kwenye vocha ni kidogo sana, hasa wanapotaka kusafiri na kwenda Benki kuchukua pesa zao. Tafadhari watie moyo vikundi hivyo kupanda miti mingi na hii itasaidia kupata pesa nyingi kwa ajili ya safari na matumizi mengine. Mwisho, wakumbushe wanavikundi kuwa wanatakiwa kufungua akaunti Benki kwa ajili ya kuweka pesa zao Hakikisha wanavikundi wanajua jinsi ya kufungua akaunti na kuwauliza wale ambao tayari wameshafungua kuwaelekeza na kuelewa. Maelezo Kumbuka na hakikisha kila wanakikundi anafahamu ni lini na wapi mkutano mwingine wa nodi utafanyika. 10 Habari Moto Moto