The 2 nd International Seminar and Expo on Jamu (ISEJ) 26-27 September in Bandung, West Java. The Challenge of Natural Medicines for Health and Beauty in 21 st. Century. Keynote address: New Frontiers of Non-Experimental Validation of Medicinal, Aromatic and Cosmetic (MAC) Plants for Future Health and Well-being in Indonesia. Prof.Dr. L. Jan Slikkerveer, Director of the Leiden Ethnosystems and Development Programme (LEAD), Faculty of Science, Leiden University, The Netherlands 1
The Use of Medicinal, Aromatic and Cosmetic Plants for Health & Healing is as old as humanity itself, and goes back to the Neolithicum: Egyptian pharaos, the Assyrian kings, the Greek herbalists, and the Indian sages, providing the main basis for the later development of the ethnomedical systems: - Hippocratic-Galenic Medicine of ancient Greece, - Unani Tibb of Arabia, - Ayurvedic of India, - Chinese Medicine in Asia, and - Tradition of Jamu in Indonesia. Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-2 2
A famous stone relief of the Buddhist temple of the Borobudur located in Mid-Java, rediscovered after the restauration in 1814, depicting a scene of the application of medicinal plants for jamu for the treatment of a patient Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-3
Prof. Dr. Hermanus Boerhaave Leiden University (1668-1738) During the Renaissance in Western Europe of the 16th Century, the medical doctors and botanists developed a new system of Cosmopolitan Medicine, which was based on the rediscovery of Greek classical medicine of Hypocrates & Aristoteles, combined with the traditional medical knowledge and practice of MAC Plants from indigenous healers and shamans,as well as the plants them-selves brought back from the Tropical regions during the European Expansion. herbal medicines Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-4
DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN HERBAL MEDICINES & HERBAL MEDICINE herbal medicines: - raw plant materials, - processed plant materials, and - medicinal herbal products, herbal medicine: - traditional medicine - herbal medicine - pharmaceutical medicine Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-5 2
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DISCIPLINE OF ETHNOBOTANY Prof.Dr. John W. Harshberger University of Pennsylvania 1869-1929 Prof.Dr. John W. Harshberger specialized in plant geography, ecology and plant pathology. He taught at the for more than 35 years. He was an ardent plant conservationist and he is credited with coining the term ethnobotany ] Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-6 2
Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-7 2
MAC plant-based medicines have shown evidence-based efficacy among patients because of their therapeutic efficacy. But the development of many modern medicines have received their official approval through a series of experimental tests in order to prove their efficacy in a laboratory. Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017 8 2
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WHO (2004) estimates that up to four billion people (representing 80% of the world s population) living in the developing world rely on herbal medicinal products as a primary source of health care. Even more so, the use of these herbal medicines and phyto-nutrients or nutraceuticals continues to expand rapidly across the world. Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-10
Just as most herbal medicines, Jamu is particularly effective in the treatment of illnesses where modern medicine has no answer, such as: - cultural diseases (CVD, Diabetic, Cancer) - allergies - chronic diseases - mental problems and stress etc. - culture-bound syndrome - weak immune system Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-11
ROLE OF MAC PLANTS IN HEALTH Increasingly important in both traditional & modern medicine - PHC-strategy (WHO) promotes their use 5 Perspectives: A current position of MAC plants B medicinal plants for local health care improvement C medicinal plants for biodiversity conservation D medicinal plants for cultural diversity conservation E IPR s Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-12
A CURRENT POSITION OF MAC PLANTS - There are presently more than 250.000 higher plant species; - Amazonian Basin: 80.000 plant species; - > 60% grows in the medical rainforest: - Medicinal use on a global scale > 35.000 species; - Annual extinction rate of plant species: 3000 (!); - Annual loss of tropical rainforest 5 x the surface of NL. Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-13
* USE OF MAC PLANTS FOR HERBAL MEDICINES AROUND THE WORLD: - Traditional medicines ca. 90 % medicinal plants - Trans. medicines ($$) ca. 40 % medicinal plants - Modern medicines (P.H.C.) ca. 25 60% of prescribed drugs are plant-based: - In OECD-states +/+ 25 % - E. Europe states +/+ 60 % - U.S.D.A. +/+ 25 % Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-14
EXTENSIVE STUDIES ON THE REGIONAL MEDICAL ETHNOBOTRANICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM ON MAC PLANTS: FLORA MALAISIANA: - scientific plant name; - vernacular /indigenous plant name - indigenous classification; - plant description: - chemical data - distribution; - habitat description; - uses; - conservation status; - ways of trading, marketing & dispensing - indigenous knowledge & practice; Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-15
SPECIAL FOCUS ON EKS-BASED IDATA SETS: CONCEPTUALISATION OF INDIGENOUS PLANT KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT: - concepts, perceptions, beliefs, cosmologies - attitudes; - practices, experiences, skills, technologies - artefacts; - seeds, plants, crops; - institutions, procedures & processes Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-16
EXTENSION OF ADDITIONAL MEDICINAL USE- RELATED CATEGORIES: - local taxonomy and classification, ideas and belief systems; - sub-categorization of use according to the 14 categories of the objectives of various uses; - local practices as to collection, selection, harvesting, storage, - customary laws and restrictions; - processing as to the part of plant, preparation, production, use/dosage; - ingredient/compound - source area; - local & regional supply & trade and commercial networks; - last but not least: valorization and production potential assessment Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-17
B MAC PLANTS FOR LOCAL HEALTH IMPROVEMENT: Traditional Health Care: - health promotion (WHO) - therapies - traditional healers role - globalization versus localisation - re-valuation of natural products Modern P.H.C.: - increased use of medicinal plants - new drugs for new diseases - wild & cultivated Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-18
C - MAC PLANTS FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION - Indigenous healers as custodians - transfer of local knowledge within families/generations - falling numbers of healers/specialists - threat of loss of cultural heritage Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-19
D MAC PLANTS FOR CULTURAL DIVERSITY CONSERVATION - ethno-botanical knowledge systems (EKS) sometimes disappear faster than the plant species; - close linkage between bio- & cultural diversity: concept of biocultural diversity (Slikkerveer 1992) - underlying philosophy of nature & environment - documentation of EKS for MAC Plants in various regions is a high priority Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017 20
E MAC PLANTS & INTELLECTUAL PRIOPERTY RIGHTS (IPRs) - No recognition in the past (colonial & post-colonial) - Chiang Mai Declaration - Medical rainforest is enormous resource for drugs - logging versus bioprospecting - Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) - Ethics, codes & protocols Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-21
* Rediscovery of plant-based traditional medicines by pharmaceutical companies - ethno-directed approach 6% increase to 27% - more effective than random-sampling - example: Provir from Peru in collaboration with shamans Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-22
New Frontiers of Non-Experimental Validation of Medicinal, Aromatic and Cosmetic (MAC) Plants: 3 levels A- International Organizations and National Governments: - Support for ethnoscience i.c. ethnopharmacological R&D; - Support for approval of natural medicines (non-toxic and non-bacterial efficay) - Recognition, Control & Enforcement of IPRs Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-23
B- Universities & Polytechniques: - Support for ethnoscience i.c. ethnopharmacological R&D; - Multidisciplinary orientation: medical ethnobotany, medical ecology, ethnopharmacology (IKS) - Development of Complementary R&D: Non-Experimental Validation (NEV) & Experimental Validation (EV) Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-24
C- Pharmaceutical industry - Bottom-up strategy in development of new medicines; - Support for ethnoscience i.c. ethnopharmacological R&D; - Participatory approach towards IPRs & equal benefit sharing; - Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017-25
CONCLUSION The New Frontiers of Non-Experimental Validation of Medicinal, Aromatic and Cosmetic (MAC) Plants in terms of the 3 levels of 1) International Organizations and National Governments: 2) Universities & Polytechniques; and 3) Pharmaceutical industry can be explored and safely crossed through integrated efforts for Future Health and Well-being in Indonesia. Prof.Dr. L.J. Slikkerveer, LEAD, Leiden University: 2nd ISEJ Seminar on Jamu Bandung 26.9.2017 - Ω