A New HILIC/RP Mixed-Mode Column and Its Applications in Surfactant Analysis X. Liu, C. Pohl, Dionex Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA, USA ABSTRACT Although reversed-phase (RP) silica columns (e.g., C18 and C8) are widely used in small molecule separations, they are unsuitable for retaining or separating highly polar compounds. HILIC columns can retain highly polar compounds that are not retained by RP chromatography with additional benefits, including complementary selectivity compared to RP columns, enhanced sensitivity for MS detection, and simplified sample preparation. However, since traditional HILIC columns (i.e., silica, cyano, amino, diol phases) usually have hydrophilic surfaces with low hydrophobicity, they are incapable of separating small molecules via hydrophobic interaction. We have developed a new mixed-mode stationary phase that combines both HILIC and RP characteristics. The new phase is based on highpurity and spherical silica functionalized with a silyl ligand consisting of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic functionalities. This new packing material can be used in either HILIC mode (in high organic conditions) or RP mode (in high aqueous conditions). The optimal balance between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties on the silica surface provides unique chromatographic properties that make the new packing useful for many applications, including determination of hydrophobe distribution and degree of ethoxylation (EO number) in a broad variety of ethoxylated surfactants. ACCLAIM Mixed-Mode HILIC-1 COLUMN The Acclaim Mixed-Mode HILIC-1 is a highefficiency HILIC/RP mixed-mode silica-based stationary phase with the following benefits: Operates in both reversed-phase and normal phase modes Retains highly polar molecules that are not retained by reversedphase chromatography Unique selectivity, complementary to reversed-phase columns Higher hydrophobic retention compared to conventional diol columns Physical Data Bonding Chemistry: Silica Substrate: Proprietary alkyl diol Spherical, high-purity Particle size 5 µm Surface area 3 m 2 /g Pore size 12 Å RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chromatographic Features The new phase is based on high-purity and spherical silica functionalized with a silyl ligand having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic functionalities (Figure 1). The alkyl chain provides hydrophobic retention, and the dihydroxy functionality contributes to HILIC retention. Like other diol columns, the new packing material retains highly polar molecules, such as urea (Figure 2). Figure 3 shows the dependency of retention on the mobile phase organic content for the new phase and a conventional diol packing (LiChrosorb Diol, Merck KGaA). For an acidic molecule (benzoic acid), both columns show a U curve an indication of HILIC behavior. However, the new phase exhibits higher retention in both RP (highly aqueous) and HILIC (high organic) modes. For a hydrophilic basic molecule (e.g., caffeine), the conventional diol column provides little retention. The new phase gives substantially higher retention under highly aqueous conditions, and marginally increased retention under high organic conditions. For a neutral non-polar molecule (e.g., toluene), the new phase exhibits greatly increased hydrophobic retention compared to the conventional diol column. Due to the presence of both hydrophobic alkyl chain and hydrophilic dihydroxy functionalities, the new column can operate in either RP or HILIC mode, as shown in Figure 4. This feature facilitates a greater variety of applications compared to conventional diol columns. Broader application range than conventional diol columns HPLC 27 Presentation HPLC 27 Presentation 1
Hydrophilic portion Hydrophobic portion 1 2 1 2 RP Mode HILIC Mode /.1 NH 4 v/v 52/48 for RP mode v/v 92/8 for HILIC mode Detection: UV at 254 nm Peaks: (1 ppm each) 1. Cytosine 2. Naphthalene Silica Gel 24251 2 4 6 8 1 24254 Figure 1. Surface chemistry of Acclaim Mixed-Mode HILIC-1. Figure 4. Dual operation modes: RP and HILIC. 2 4 6 8 1 Figure 2. Analysis of urea. 2 16 12 8 4 95/5 v/v CH 3 97/3 v/v CH 3 97.5/2.5 v/v CH 3 Mobile Phase: See chromatograms for details. Sample: Urea (.1% in 9 ) Columns: Acclaim Mixed-Mode HILIC-1, 5 µm Detection: UV at 254 nm LiChrosorb Diol, 5 µm /.1 NH 4 Inj. Volume: 5 µl Benzoic Acid 2 4 6 8 1 2 16 12 8 4 Caffeine 2 4 6 8 1 35 4 25 3 1 15 2 5 Toluene 24252 2 4 6 8 1 24253 Applications for Ethoxylated Surfactant Analyses Ethoxylated surfactants (e.g., alkylphenol ethoxylates, fatty alcohol ethoxylates, ethoxylated alkyl sulfates, etc.) are widely used in industrial and consumer products, and account for approximately 3 percent of total surfactant consumption worldwide. Depending on circumstances, determination of both EO and hydrophobe distributions are usually desired. However, while EO distribution can be chromatographically measured in normal phase (HILIC) conditions, the determination of hydrophobe distribution, which is usually performed on a RP column, can be challenging.this is mainlyl because both EO number and hydrophobe separations occur concurrently on a typical RP column, leading to a complicated chromatogram, making accurate quantification impractical. The new phase creates the optimal balance between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties on the silica surface, resulting in unique chromatographic properties that make it possible to achieve either an EO based separation (in HILIC mode) or a hydrophobe based separation (in RP mode), on the same column. Figure 3. Dependency of retention on mobile phase organic content: comparison between the Acclaim Mixed-Mode HILIC-1 and LiChrosorb Diol. 2 A New HILIC/RP Mixed-Mode Column and Its Applications in Surfactant Analysis
Alkylphenol Ethoxylates Figure 5 illustrates a comparison of three columns: the new column, the Acclaim 12 C8, and the LiChrosorb Diol, for EO oligomer separation of an alkylphenol ethoxylate () in HILIC mode. It is clear that the new column provides superior resolution as opposed to both the conventional diol and RP columns. The chromatograms of obtained on the new phase with varying mobile phase organic contents are overlaid in Figure 6. The new phase behaves as an RP column when the mobile phase contains less than 75% acetonitrile (retention increases with mobile phase aqueous content), and behaves as a HILIC column when more than 9% acetonitrile is present in the mobile phase (retention of oligomers and resolution increase with mobile phase organic content). In RP mode separations between EO oligomers are suppressed, and all components with the same hydrophobe collapse into a single peak, which simplifies the chromatogram and increases sensitivity. Figure 7 shows an example of separating two closely-related alkylphenol ethoxylates, and IGEPAL CO-63. Both surfactants have the same EO number and phenol moieties, but slightly different alkyl groups (C 8 and C 9 for CA-63 and CO-63, respectively). The new column gives two baseline-resolved single peaks corresponding to each surfactant according to their hydrophobicity differences. By comparison, on an Acclaim Surfactant column, because of the simultaneous separation of both EO oligomers and hydrophobes, determination of the individual surfactants is impossible. 6 12 18 24 3 Column: Acclaim Mixed-Mode HILIC-1, 5 µm Mobile Phase: (A) CH 3 (B).1 M NH 4 Flow Rate: 1. ml/min Detection: UV at 225 nm Sample: (.1%) Figure 6. Dependency of separation on mobile phase organic content. A/B = 4/6 A/B = 52/48 A/B = 55/45 A/B = 62/38 A/B = 75/25 A/B = 87.5/12.5 A/B = 95/5 A/B = 97.5/2.5 A/B = 99/1 Acclaim Mixed-Mode HILIC-1, 5µm IGEPAL CO-63 Acclaim Surfactant, 5µm IGEPAL CO-63 4 8 NP Mode RP Mode (OCH 2 CH 2 ) n,/d.i. H 2 O v/v 55/45 Detection: UV, 225 nm C 9 H 19 IGEPAL CO-63 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) n (OCH 2 CH 2 ) n 24256 24257 Acclaim 12 C8 LiChrosorb Diol Acclaim Mixed-Mode HILIC-1 6 12 18 24 3 Column: See chromatograms for details, 5 µm Mobile Phase: 99/1 v/v CH 3 /.1 M NH 4 Flow Rate: 1. ml/min Detection: UV at 225 nm Sample: (.1%) (OCH 2 CH 2 ) n Figure 5. Analysis of an alkylphenol ethoxylate: comparison of Acclaim Mixed- Mode HILIC-1, Acclaim 12 C8, and LiChrosorb Diol. 24255 Figure 7. Separation of alkylphenol ethoxylates. Fatty Alcohol Ethoxylates Figure 8 illustrates chromatograms of Brij 35 [lauryl alcohol condensed with 23 moles ethylene oxide, molecular formula: (C 2 H 4 O) n H 26 O]. In RP mode, the surfactant is separated into four single peaks, corresponding to unreacted PEGs (early eluting peak) and three ethoxylates corresponding to different alkyl chain lengths. Under this condition, all EO oligomers with the same hydrophobe collapse into a single peak. In HILIC mode, on the other hand, all EO oligomers are separated in addition to the hydrophobe-based separation. Thus, the degree of ethoxylation can be determined. Figure 9 shows the separation of NEODOL 25-12 and 25-7 (a mixture of to C 15 alcohols with average EO numbers of 12 and 7, respectively.) The new column gives four baseline-resolved sharp peaks according to alkyl chain lengths, regardless of EO number for each hydrophobe. The separation of several PEGs with different molecular weights is shown in Figure 1. HPLC 27 Presentation 3
Mobile Phase: See chromatogram for details. Hydrophobe Separation (RP mode, CH 3 /.1M NH 4 OAc v/v 7/3) Inj. Volume: 5 µl Sample: Brij 35 (3 mg/ml) EO Oligomer Separation (HILIC mode, CH 3 /.1M NH 4 OAc v/v 9/1) 1 2 3 4 5 24258 Ethoxylated Alkyl Sulfates Ethoxylated lauryl sulfates can be separated on the new phase into two series of peaks, corresponding to two ethoxylated hydrophobes ( and ). Within each series, the ethoxylated oligomers are also resolved. There is an overlap between two series when using acetonitrile as the organic solvent (Figure 11). If the objective is to determine the hydrophobe distribution in the surfactant, methanol should be used instead of acetonitrile in the mobile phase. This way, the surfactant is grouped into two fully separated clusters and the run time decreases by 5%. In comparison, the conventional C8 column only gives partially resolved clusters in its optimal condition, as shown in Figure 12. Figure 8. Analysis of ethoxylated fatty alcohols in both RP and HILIC modes. NEODOL 25-12 NEODOL 25-7 C 13 C13 C 15 C 15 4 8 12 16 2 Mobile Phase: (A) CH3 (B) DI H2O Gradient: 6% to 9% A in 15 min, then hold for 5 min Detection: ELS Detector Sample: NEODOL 25-7 and 12 (.2% each) R(OCH 2 CH 2 ) n where: R = to C 15 n=12 for NEODOL 25 12 n=7 for NEODOL 25 7 24259 1 2 3 4 5 Mobile Phase: 37/63 v/v CH 3 Sample: POE (3) lauryl sulfate (.2%) Figure 11. Analysis of ethoxylated alkyl sulfate separation based on both hydrophobe and degree of ethoxylation (EO). 24261 Figure 9. Analysis of NEODOL 25-12. PEG-6 PEG-34 PEG-2 Mobile Phase: (A) CH 3 (B) D.I. H 2 O Gradient: 2% to 95% A in 2 min Inj. Volume: 25 µl Samples: Various PEGs (.4% each) Acclaim Mixed-Mode HILIC-1 Acclaim 12 C8 Column: See chromatograms for details. Mobile Phase: Optimal conditions for each column are listed. For Acclaim Mixed-Mode HILIC-1: 65/35 v/v CH 3 /.1 M NH 4 ; For Acclaim 12 C8: 8/2 v/v CH 3 /.1 M NH 4 Sample: POE (3) lauryl sulfate (.2%) PEG-4 PEG-1 4 8 12 16 2 24262 4 8 12 16 2 2426 Figure 12. Hydrophobe separation of ethoxylated alkyl sulfates. Figure 1. Separation of polyethylene glycols. 4 A New HILIC/RP Mixed-Mode Column and Its Applications in Surfactant Analysis
CONCLUSION 1. The Acclaim Mixed-Mode HILIC-1 column uses a new type of mixedmode silica-based stationary phase that combines both HILIC and RP characteristics. 2. Its unique column chemistry results in several benefits, including dual operation modes (HILIC and RP), higher hydrophobic retention compared to conventional diol columns, and a wide variety of applications. 3. The new column is suitable for analyzing ethoxylated surfactants in both HILIC and RP modes. In HILIC condition, the degree of ethoxylation (EO) can be determined. In RP mode, the separation of ethoxylated oligomers is suppressed, and the hydrophobe distribution of the surfactant can be characterized. PEEK is a trademark of Victrex PLC. LiChrosorb is a registered trademark of Merck KGaA. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of Dionex Corporation. Passion. Power. Productivity. Dionex Corporation North America Europe Asia Pacific 1228 Titan Way P.O. Box 363 U.S. (847) 295-75 Canada (95) 844-965 Austria (43) 1 616 51 25 Benelux (31) 2 683 9768 (32) 3 353 4294 Denmark (45) 36 36 9 9 France (33) 1 39 3 1 1 Germany (49) 6126 991 Sunnyvale, CA Ireland (353) 1 885 17 Italy (39) 2 51 62 1267 Switzerland (41) 62 25 9966 Taiwan (2) 8751 6655 South America 9488-363 United Kingdom (44) 1276 691722 Brazil (55) 11 3731 514 (48) 737-7 www.dionex.com Australia (61) 2 942 5233 China (852) 2428 3282 India (91) 22 28475235 Japan (81) 6 6885 1213 Korea (82) 2 2653 258 Singapore (65) 6289 119 HPLC 27 Presentation 5 LPN 1953-1 7/7 27 Dionex Corporation