Swine Dy 1996 USE OF SORGHUM-BASED DISTILLERS GRAINS IN DIETS FOR NURSERY AND FINISHING PIGS B. W. Senne, J. D. Hncock, I. Mvromichlis, S. L. Johnston, P. S. Sorrell, I. H. Kim, nd R. H. Hines Summry Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of sorghum-sed distillers dried grins with solules in isocloric diets for nursery nd finishing pigs. Rte nd efficiency of gin in nursery pigs were decresed with 45% or more distillers grins. For finishing pigs, efficiency of gin ws improved s distillers grins ws incresed to 60% of the diet, nd crcss ftness ws incresed y out.1 inch t the highest concentrtion. (Key Words: Distillers Grins, Nursery Pigs, Finishing, Sorghum.) Introduction Distillers dried grins with solules (DDGS) re co-product of the ethnol industry. When grin is fermented to produce ethnol, primrily the strch is utilized, leving protein rich residue tht cn e used in niml diets. As the ethnol industry grows, greter quntities of DDGS will ecome ville for use in pig diets t potentilly resonle prices. In previous study (see the 1995 KSU Swine Dy Report), we demonstrted tht s much s 30% sorghum-sed DDGS could e dded to isocloric nursery nd finishing pig diets without dverse effects on growth performnce. Thus, we designed the experiments reported herein to determine the effects of dding s much s 60% DDGS to pig diets. Procedures A totl of 180 nursery pigs (verge initil wt of 13 l) ws locked y weight nd used in the first experiment. Ech tretment hd six pigs per pen nd six pens (three pens of rrows nd three pens of gilts per tretment). For 7 d postwening, ll pigs were fed the sme complex strter diet (pelleted form) to llow for djustment to the nursery environment. On d 7, the pigs were chnged to corn-soyen mel-sed control diet or diets with 15, 30, 45, or 60% DDGS. All diets were formulted to 1.4% lysine,.9% C, nd.8% P (Tle 1) nd fed in mel form for 21 d. The ME in ll diets ws djusted to the sme concentrtion y dding tllow. The experiment ws conducted in n environmentlly controlled nursery room equipped with 4-ft x 5-ft pens. Ech pen hd self-feeder nd nipple wterer to provide d liitum ccess to feed nd wter. Pigs nd feeders were weighed t initition nd d 21 of the growth ssy to determine ADG, ADFI, nd F/G. The dt were nlyzed s rndomized complete lock design with verge pig weight t d 7 used s covrile. Polynomil regression ws used to chrcterize the shpe of the response to concentrtion of DDGS in the diets. In the second experiment, 80 rrows (verge initil wt of 120 l) were used in 56- d experiment. The pigs were llotted y weight into 40 totlly sltted pens (4-ft x 4-ft) with two pigs per pen nd 10 pens per tretment. Tretments were corn-soyen mel-sed control nd 20, 40, nd 60% DDGS 140
(Tle 2). The diets were fed in three phses with 1.25, 1.10, nd.80 % lysine for 120 to 160 l, 160 to 220 l, nd 220 l to mrket weight, respectively. Pigs were llowed d liitum ccess to feed nd wter, nd diets were fed in mel form with tllow used to equlize ME. Weights were tken t d 0 nd 56 of the experiment to determine ADG, ADFI, nd F/G. When weight in the first pen of lock verged 250 l, the pigs were slughtered to determine lst ri ckft thickness nd hot crcss weight. Dressing percentge ws clculted with hot crcss weight s percentge of preshipping live weight, nd ft-free len index ws clculted using NPPC equtions. The dt were nlyzed s rndomized complete lock design with initil weight s the locking criterion. Slughter weight ws used s covrite for nlysis of the crcss dt. Polynomil regression ws used to chrcterize the shpe of the response to concentrtion of DDGS in the diets. Results nd Discussion Chemicl nlysis of ingredients (Tle 3) indicted tht the compositions of corn nd sorghum were similr to one nother nd to vlues pulished for swine y the NRC (1988). However, fermenttion (to ethnol) gretly concentrtes the nonstrch components of the seed (e.g., protein, ft, fier, sh, nd mino cids). Thus, we would nticipte lower metolizle energy in DDGS (from less strch) despite their high gross energy (i.e., 2.01 Mcl/l for DDGS versus 1.86 nd 1.81 Mcl/l for the sorghum nd corn, respectively). In the nursery experiment (Tle 4), ADG ws not ffected nd F/G ws ctully improved y s much s 30% DDGS (qudrtic effect, P<.03). However, with 45 nd 60% DDGS, rte nd efficiency of gin were decresed. It is importnt to note tht diets with 45 nd 60% DDGS hd 11 nd 15% tllow, respectively, which mde feed flowility prolem. Thus, whether the decresed growth performnce ws cused y feed restriction resulting from continul ridging in the feeders (highly likely), pltility prolems (possily), or reduced nutritionl vlue of the diets (lest likely) is not cler. In the finishing experiment (Tle 5), ADG incresed slightly (qudrtic effect, P<.01). ADFI decresed (liner effect, P<.003) nd F/G ws improved (liner effect, P<.001) s the concentrtion of DDGS ws incresed. However, hot crcss weight (liner effect, P<.05), dressing percentge (liner effect, P<.008), nd ckft thickness (liner effect, P<.02) incresed s percentge DDGS ws incresed. These dt (decresed feed intke, greter efficiency of gin, nd ftter crcsses) suggest tht energy content of the diets incresed s percentge DDGS ws incresed. This most likely resulted from underestimtion of the energy vlue of the tllow, DDGS, or oth in this experiment. In conclusion, DDGS cn e used in greter concentrtions thn previously suggested for pigs, if energy content of diets is djusted with dded ft. Nutritionists should let ingredient prices nd vilility determine use of s much s 30% DDGS in diets for nursery pigs nd 60% DDGS in diets for finishing pigs. 141
Tle 1. Diet Composition for the Nursery Experiment Dried Distillers Grins with Solules, % Ingredient, % Control 15 30 45 60 Corn 49.06 36.43 24.00 11.57 --- Soyen mel (46.5 % CP) 29.61 23.46 16.99 10.50 2.99 Dried whey 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 Dried distillers grins --- 15.00 30.00 45.00 60.00 Lysine"HCl.15.30.46.63.83 Methionine.06.05.05.04.04 Threonine ---.01.04.07.12 Tryptophn --- ---.02.05.09 Fish mel 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 Tllow --- 3.69 7.44 11.20 15.03 Monoclcium phosphte 1.44 1.32 1.21 1.10 1.02 Limestone.83.89.94.99 1.03 Vitmin premix.25.25.25.25.25 Trce minerl premix.15.15.15.15.15 Slt.20.20.20.20.20 Zinc oxide.25.25.25.25.25 Antiiotic 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Diets were formulted to 1.4 % lysine,.9 % C,.8 % P, nd 1.46 Mcl ME/l of diet. Supplied 50 g/ton of mecdox. 142
Tle 2. Diet Composition for the Finishing Experiment Dried Distillers Grins with Solules % Ingredient, % Control 20 40 60 Corn 78.55 63.05 48.05 26.30 Soyen mel 46.5 % CP 18.75 10.48 1.62.13 Dried distillers grins --- 20.00 40.00 60.00 Lysine"HCl.02.22.39.45 Tryptophn --- ---.03.04 Tllow --- 3.68 7.42 10.81 Monoclcium phosphte 1.00.83.67.38 Limestone 1.00 1.06 1.14 1.21 Slt.30.30.30.30 Vitmin premix.20.20.20.20 Trce minerl premix.10.10.10.10 Antiiotic.08.08.08.08 Diets were formulted to 1.25 % lysine,.75 % C,.65 % P, nd 1.48 Mcl ME/l for 120 to 160 l, 1.10 % lysine,.75 % C,.65 % P, nd 1.49 Mcl ME/l for 160 to 220 l, nd.80 % lysine,.65 % C,.55 % P, nd 1.51 Mcl ME/l for 220 to 250 l. Supplied 65 g/ton of tylosin. 143
Tle 3. Composition of Corn, Sorghum, nd Sorghum-Bsed Distillers Dried Grins with Solules Ingredient Corn Sorghum DDGS DM, % 91.9 91.9 89.8 CP, % 7.3 8.7 22.7 Ether extrct, % 3.6 2.7 7.2 Crude fier, % 2.9 2.3 8.6 Ash, % 1.2 1.2 4.0 GE, Mcl/l 1.6 1.6 1.8 ME, Mcl/l 1.55 1.49 1.18 c Amino cids, % Arginine.38.29.84 Histidine.24.19.50 Isoleucine.27.31.84 Leucine.89.95 2.16 Lysine.26.21.52 Methionine + cystine.38.31.87 Phenyllnine + tyrosine.60.62 1.67 Threonine.25.24.73 Tryptophn.05.07.18 Vline.37.40 1.08 As fed sis. From NRC (1988). c Determined in our lortory vi chick iossys. 144
Tle 4. Effects of Sorghum-Bsed Dried Distillers Grins with Solules on Growth Performnce of Nursery Pigs Dried Distillers Grins with Solules, % Contrsts Item Control 15 30 45 60 CV Liner Qudrtic Cuic ADG, l 1.07 1.10 1.02.88.71 5.7.001.001 -- c ADFI, l 1.72 1.62 1.43 1.42 1.28 13.8.001 -- -- F/G 1.61 1.47 1.39 1.63 1.81 17.9 --.03 -- A totl of 180 wenling pigs (six pigs per pen nd six pens per tretment) with n vg initil wt of 13 l. The experimentl diets were fed from d 7 to 28 of the nursery phse (i.e., 21 d experiment). c Dshes indicte P>.15. Tle 5. Effects of Sorghum-Bsed Dried Distillers Grins with Solules on Growth Performnce nd Crcss Chrcteristics of Finishing Pigs Dried Distillers Grins with Solules, % Contrsts Item Control 20 40 60 CV Liner Qudrtic Cuic ADG, l 2.09 2.22 2.22 2.19 6.8 -- c.10 -- ADFI, l 6.97 6.75 6.66 6.38 6.2.003 -- -- F/G 3.34 3.04 3.00 2.91 5.6.001.06 -- d HCW, l. e LRBF, in 169 174 175 175 3.6.05 -- --.85.98.90.98 10.2.02 --.007 Dressing % 71.1 70.8 71.4 71.9 1.0.008 -- -- FFLI f, % 49.0 48.1 48.8 48.0 1.4.02 --.003 A totl of 80 rrows (two pigs per pen nd 10 pens per tretment) with n vg initil wt of 120 l nd vg finl wt of 246 l. The experimentl diets were fed for 56 d. c Dshes indicte P>.15. d Hot crcss weight. e Lst ri ckft. f Ft-free len index. 145