HANDBOOK OF CRANIOMAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
This page intentionally left blank
HANDBOOK OF CRANIOMAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY Edited by James E. Zins, MD, FACS Professor and Chairman Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio, USA Chad R. Gordon, DO Craniofacial Plastic Surgeon Clinical Director, Facial Transplantation Program The Johns Hopkins Hospital Assistant Professor, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland, USA World Scientific NEW JERSEY LONDON SINGAPORE BEIJING SHANGHAI HONG KONG TAIPEI CHENNAI
Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Library of Congress Control Number: 2014941004 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. HANDBOOK OF CRANIOMAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY Copyright 2014 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 978-981-4295-09-3 Typeset by Stallion Press Email: enquiries@stallionpress.com Printed in Singapore
FOREWORD Can you be at the right place at the right time? Of course. I was the second of Dr. Linton Whitaker s craniofacial fellows in 1978. In these years craniofacial fellows were Hospital of Pennsylvania general surgery residents spending their general surgery research years with him. The year was spent part time in the research laboratory and part time scrubbing on the craniofacial cases at the University of Pennsylvania and Children s Hospital of Philadelphia. The field was so new and the pathology so profound that each day in the operating room was filled with adventure and often new discovery. In addition to Dr. Whitaker, the first generation of craniofacial surgeons in the United States included Fernando Ortiz-Monasterio, Ken Salyer, Ian Munroe, Tony Wolfe, Ian Jackson, Henry Kawamoto and others. Their training consisted of making the trip to Paris to watch Paul Tessier operate. These craniofacial surgeons then set up their own units in Mexico, Canada and the United States. Craniofacial surgery has evolved tremendously since those times. Fellowships have become postgraduate training experiences and a formalized match established. The field has exploded from one dealing predominantly with rare pediatric craniofacial anomalies to a discipline that has had a significant effect on facial trauma, tumor reconstruction and aesthetic surgery. Along the way literally thousands of pediatric and adult patients have been treated and their lives changed for the positive. Today nearly all major trauma programs have a fellowship-trained craniofacial surgeon on staff. v
vi Foreword What follows is a primer of craniomaxillofacial surgery addressing a wide variety of pediatric and adult facial problems. This text is designed as a quick reference, summary and introduction to an everexpanding field of plastic surgery. I hope that you enjoy this text and especially the field as much as I have. James E. Zins, MD
To my father, Gene Zins, who was my role model throughout my life, to my mother, Adele Zins, the great Ambassador, to my wife, Cindy Kavouksorian Zins, my soul mate for the past 30 years, and to my residents and fellows, many of whom are or will become better plastic surgeons than I ever was. James E. Zins, MD I would like to dedicate this book to the Cleveland Clinic Faculty for teaching me the art of plastic surgery, and to Dr. Yaremchuk and Dr. Zins both incredible surgeons and role models for providing generous mentorship and opportunities for me to grow as a craniomaxillofacial surgeon and to my wife Abbey and sons Austin and Sage for their unwaivering support and unconditional love in light of many late nights and busy weekends. Chad R. Gordon, D.O.
This page intentionally left blank
CONTENTS Foreword 1. Principles of Craniofacial Surgery 1 Anthony Wolfe, MD 2. Craniofacial Anatomy and Embryology 7 Arun K. Gosain, MD; Ali Totonchi, MD and Stephanie Polites 3. Facial Analysis 63 Ali Totonchi, MD; Bahman Guyuron, MD and Raja Mohan, MD 4 Fixation of the Craniofacial Skeleton 75 Gaby Doumit, MD, MSc and Michael J. Yaremchuk, MD, FACS 5. Orthognathic Surgery Part I: Terminology and Surgical Techniques 97 Mark Urata, MD, DDS; Jeffrey Hammoudeh, MD, DDS and Michael Lypka, MD, DMD v ix
x Contents 6. Orthognathic Surgery Part II: Common Patterns of Dentofacial Defor mities and Case Studies 143 Jeffrey C. Posnick, DMD, MD and Neil Agnihotri, DMD, MD 7. Principles and Practice of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis 195 Edward J. Caterson, MD, PhD and Joseph G. McCarthy, MD 8. Craniofacial Distraction of the Maxilla 219 Scott P. Bartlett MD; Russell R. Reid, MD, PhD and Ivona Percec, MD, PhD 9. Monobloc Advancement 233 James P. Bradley, MD and Henry Kawamoto, MD, DDS 10. Craniofacial Trauma 247 Gerhard S. Mundinger, MD; Eduardo D. Rodriguez, MD, DDS and Paul N. Manson, MD 11. Cleft Lip 277 Ananth S. Murthy, MD, FACS 12. Cleft Palate 305 Joseph E. Losee, MD and Alexander Y. Lin, MD 13. Craniosynostosis 343 Steven R. Cohen, MD; Ryan C. Frank, MD; Hal S. Meltzer, MD and Michael L. Levy, MD, PhD 14. Microtia 369 James A. Lehman, Jr., MD 15. Maxillofacial and Salivary Pathology Treated by Surgery 385 Julien Ghannoum, DMD 16. Facial Nerve Paralysis and its Management 443 Richard Y. Ha, MD and Claude-Jean Langevin, MD, DMD
Contents xi 17. Craniofacial Applications in Facial Aesthetic Surgery 487 James E. Zins, MD and Chad R. Gordon, DO 18. Craniomaxillofacial Allotransplantation: From a Basic Science Perspective 511 Maria Siemionow, MD, PhD and Fatih Zor, MD 19. Maxillofacial Composite Tissue Allotranspla ntation: From a Clinical Perspective 525 Chad R. Gordon, DO; Srinivas M. Susarla, MD, DMD, MPH; James E. Zins, MD and Francis Papay, MD 20. Congenital Facial Aplasias: Hemifacial Microsomia, Robin Sequence and Treacher Collins Syndrome 547 Marcin Czerwinski, MD and Jeffrey A. Fearon, MD Index 573