Study Guide for Exam 3 (includes information from 31 March 2014) Note that the information through 4 April will be posted on that day Be prepared to answer any an all of the following. All the answers may be found in the slides from class, your homework assignments, or assigned readings. Although you may see similar questions on the exam, the order of the answers is unlikely to be the same. The study guide is meant to focus you but is not meant to be exhaustive in terms of the material for the exam. Thus, you should also study your notes. 1
Multiple Choice Occurring in one out of every births, twins are the product of two separate eggs fertilized by separate sperm. a. 250, Fraternal b. 80, Identical c. 80, Fraternal d. 250, Identical e. 80, Cloned Each human can produce at least 6.4 million different gametes, thus the number of possible different genetic combinations in an offspring will be over. a. 6.4 million b. 36 million c. 70 trillion d. 85 trillion e. 100 trillion During human cell replication, all 46 chromosomes are replicated, however in the reproductive organs each gamete receives only chromosomes in a process known as. a. 22; mitosis b. 22; meiosis c. 23; mitosis d. 23; meiosis e. 46; meiosis In the equation for meiosis [possible combinations = 2 n ], what does the n stand for? a. Haploid number b. Diploid number c. Number of possible offspring d. Number of possible combinations e. Number of chromosomes Identify the correct sequence of genetic material, from smallest to largest a. protein, amino acids, nucleotide bases, gene, chromosome b. chromosome, gene, nucleotide bases, amino acids, protein c. protein, gene, nucleotide bases, amino acids, chromosome d. chromosome, protein, amino acids, nucleotide bases, gene e. protein, chromosome, amino acids, nucleotide bases, gene The Austrian monk Gregor Mendel came up with two laws related to genetics. One of these, called the Law of Segregation states that: a. Each gamete receives two copies of every gene, one from each parent b. Each gamete receives one copy of each gene c. Each gamete can only combine with one other gamete to form a zygote d. Each gamete is kept separated from other gametes by a protective shell e. Each gamete is independent of others 2
Gregor Mendel determine that traits were pased on to offspring independently. Prior to this what kind of offspring would people have predicted from a tall man and a short women? a. a male child b. a child of average height c. a child who was tall d. a child who was short e. a child who studied pea plants Two of the major symptoms of Sickle Cell disease are: a. pain and confusion b. anemia and pain c. respiratory problems and mental defects d. anemia and respiratory problems e. shortness of breath and low IQ In Sickle Cell disease a person who is a carrier for the condition gets immunity from malaria because, a. the defective protein produced by their bodies kills the malaria parasite b. the parasite produces acid which causes the blood cell to sickle and thus be recognized as foreign by the body c. the parasite consumes the protein and produces a lot of acid which causes it to die d. the gene allows the body to recognize the parasite in the blood cell and thus kill it e. the sickle cells cannot carry oxygen and thus the parasite suffocates Which of the following had a part in determining the structure of DNA? a. Rosalind Franklin b. Craig Venter c. Gregor Mendel d. Charles Darwin Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease that is caused by the deletion of nucleic base pairs, which causes the wrong to be produced. a. 3, chromosome b. 1, protein c. 1, amino acid d. 3, protein e. 1, gene The Austrian monk Gregor Mendel came up with two laws related to genetics. One of these, called the Law of Independent Assortment states that: a. Genes assort independently of one another, so that traits, like eye and hair color, are not linked b. Genes assort dependently of one another, so that traits, like eye and hair color, not linked c. Genes assort independently of one another, so that traits, like eye and hair color, are linked d. Genes assort dependently of one another, so that traits, like eye and hair color, are not linked 3
Approximately % of the African America population are carriers for Sickle Cell disease, with about one in African American children being born with the disease. a. 5, 1000 b. 2, 250 c. 12, 500 d. 0.01, 400 e. 12, 400 Which of the following organisms would be considered transgenic? a. a human body builder b. a dog with very long fur c. a goat that produces human blood protein d. a bacteria that can degrade dead plant material During recombination in meiosis, chromosomes: a. exchange genetic information leading to lower genetic diversity in body cells b. exchange genetic information leading to higher genetic diversity in gametes c. exchange genetic information leading to lower genetic diversity in gametes d. exchange genetic information leading to higher genetic diversity in body cells e. None are correct Sickle cell disease is known as a disease, because the gene that causes it is located on a non-sex chromosome. a. sex-linked b. recessive c. dominant d. autosomal e. hereditary Tay-Sachs is caused by the mutation of a single gene, which is linked to the production of an enzyme responsible for the degradation of a: a. brain fatty tissue b. liver protein c. brain protein d. muscle fatty acid e. muscle protein The twin brothers Charlie and Tim Lord happened to marry women who, although unrelated to one another, were carriers of the mutated gene responsible for Tay-Sachs. Unfortunately, each couple produced a child with two copies of the mutant gene. This tragic example: a. suggests that they were bad parents so they were being punished b. demonstrates the randomness of genetic inheritance c. suggests that we don t need to understand genetic inheritance d. a and c 4
Two types of genetic disorders are: a. Protein disorders and Recombination disorders b. Single gene and Protein disorders c. Protein and Multifactoral polygenic disorders d. Chromosomal and Recombination disorders e. Single gene and Chromosomal disorders Fred Sanger invented technology to and he was the first to sequence the DNA of an entire. a. sequence genes, virus b. sequence genes, bacterium c. splice genes, virus d. splice genes, human being e. splice genes, sheep The human genome contains about bases. Although it was predicted that humans would have about 100,000 genes, the actual number of genes discovered is only. a. 30 billion, 20,000 b. 3 billion, 30,000 c. 3 billion, 10,000 d. 30 million, 10,000 e. 30 billion, 250,000 An amazing result of the Human Genome project is that only of it encodes for proteins, with an astounding of it with no known function. a. 0.2%, 99.8% b. 1.5%, 98.5 % c. 10%, 88.5% d. 50%, 45.5% e. 90%, 10% What is true about a codon? a. It is the product of copying DNA to RNA b. It is a group of nucleotide bases that specify an amino acid c. It is a segment of DNA that does not code for anything d. It is a series of strands of DNA arranged into a chromosome e. It is a a chain of four nucleotide bases that make up protein strands A genetic disorder that affects individual late in life and is autosomal dominant is called: a. Early onset b. Late onset c. Familial Alzheimer s d. b and c e. a and c 5
The Human Genome project: a. had the goal of identifying all the base pairs and genes in a human b. took about 10 years to complete c. is important for our understanding of disease and relationships between humans and all other organisms d. was completed by a private company and the U.S. government One type of Junk DNA are called transposons, which are sometimes called. Transposons are best defined as: a. jumping genes. DNA sequences that behave like parasites b. repeating sequences. DNA sequences that resemble genes but are non-functional c. repeating sequences. DNA sequences that behave like viruses and act independently d. jumping genes. RNA sequences that behave like parasites e. None are correct Three types of non-coding DNA are: a. Transposons, Short repeats, Mutations b. Short repeats, Pseudogenes, Chromosomes c. Transposons, Pseudogenes, Short repeats d. Genes, Short repeats, Chromosomes e. Short repeats, Chromosome, Pseudogenes Which syndrome not an example of a chromsomal disorder? A. Down B. Triple X C. Turner D. Tay-Sachs E. Kleinfelters Fetal Alcohol Syndrome has many severe symptoms, including: a. mild to severe mental retardation b. stunted physical development c. memory and attention deficiencies d. facial abnormalities During the 1960 s the East German government set in place a program to help their athletes excell in the Olympic games. Why did the doctors start injecting testosterone into the athletes instead of giving it to them orally? a. the athletes kept forgetting to take their pills b. they wanted to punish them so they used needles c. it was cheaper to do the injections d. they ran out of pills and this is all they had e. it was harder for the doping tests to detect it 6
What was STS646 and what did it do to the East German athletes? a. a type of hormone that made muscles grow quickly b. an androgenic steroid that made them develop male features c. a caffeine substitute that made them not want to sleep so they could train longer d. an artificial mood enhancer that made them calmer e. a fake drug that made the athletes think they would perform better when they got it What is NOT a reason why some female East German athletes were given birth control. a. it kept the girls menstrual cycles (period) more regular b. it increased the effect of the steroids c. it avoided steroid-induced pregnancy issues d. none are correct What is the correct series of steps in the development of an embryo? a. blastula, zygote, gastrula b. zygote, blastula, gastrula c. gastrula, blastula, zygote d. zygote, gamete, blastula e. gamete, zygote, blastula In a human, which type of tissue is likely to be the youngest? a. rib muscle b. lens of the eye c. red blood cells d. bone e. neurons The process of developmental arrest allows for: a. the storage of embryos used in InVitro Fertilization b. delay of development in an embryo in a female Kangaroo who already has a nursing offspring c. the creation of cloned offspring d. a and b The genes responsible for directing the body pattern formation of all organisms are called. a. Heterobox genes b. Homeobox genes c. Mutated genes d. Autosomal genes e. Precursor genes One consequence of the flexibility of embryos is when two embryos fuse but still produce a viable offspring. This fusion would result in: a. a condition known as a chimera 7
b. a situation in which a mother could appear unrelated to her offspring c. a person who is made of two distinct cell lines d. a and c During reproduction, exact copies of the parent are produced. This type of reproduction leads to genetic diversity among offspring. a. sexual, high b. sexual, no c. asexual, high d. sexual, low e. asexual, low The promise of stem cells for curing disease or defects could be advanced through the use of adult stem cells. This type of stem cell a. is created by initiating forward development b. offers many more moral issues compared to embryonic stem cells c. is more difficult to create than embryonic stem cells d. involve the destruction of an embryo Stem cells may be important to help aleviate the need for organ donations. How many people received donations last year and how many needed one? a. 30,000; 100,000 b. 100,000; 500,000 c. 100,000; 30,000 d. 65,000; 120,000 e. 1,500; 150,000 The major disadvantage of Sexual reproduction is: a. that it creates low genetic variation b. it leads to conflicts over mates c. you don t need to find a mate d. it requires only one individual Stem cells from an blastocyst come from a region called the: a. gastrula b. inner cell mass c. chromosome d. zygote e. core The leading cause of mental retardation in the Western world is: a. Fetal alcohol disease b. Fetal alcohol syndrome c. Fetal retardation syndrome d. Fetal developmental disease e. Fetal developmental syndrome 8
What is true about color-blindness? a. It is most common in males and they inherit it from their mother s X chromosome. b. It is most common in females they inherit it from their mother s X chromosome. c. It is most common in males and they inherit it from their father s Y chromosome. d. It is most common in females they inherit it from their father s X chromosome. e. It is most common in males and they inherit it from their father s C chromosome. In external reproduction, organisms a. don t need to find a mate b. produce lots of gametes c. like coral use the moon to time reproduction d. a and b Based on available evidence, it is thought that sex first developed in: a. water b. land c. air d. All are correct e. None of these In females, one of the roles of testosterone is to: a. promote facial hair growth b. promote sex drive c. promote breast formation d. promote ovulation e. promote development of the testes Without the hormone estrogen, men would never be able to complete the development of: a. hair follicles b. breasts c. sperm d. muscles e. deep voice Which statement is true about sex determination in human embryos? a. All embryos are female, which have to be turned into a male b. All embryos are male, which have to be turned into a female c. All embryos start off as neither sex, and have to be turned into male or female d. Embryos start off as male or female e. None of the above Which of the following are NOT characteristics of a normal human female? a. Clitoris b. Ovaries c. Labia d. Scrotum e. Fallopian tubes 9
One of the genes that is responsible for producing male or female offspring in humans is called the SRY gene, which is found on A. the x chromosome B. the y chromosome C. chromosome 21 D. chromosome 19 E. all chromosomes In a chromosomal disorder known as Klinefelter s syndrome, a. the person has four chromosomes (XXYY), which causes them to be highly aggressive b. the person has three chromosomes (XXY), which causes a combination of male and female features c. the person has only one chromosomes (X), and can lead to a condition called webbed neck d. the person has two chromosomes (XY), but because they lack a certain gene they develop as a female e. the person has two chromosomes (XX), but because they have a certain gene they develop as a male In order to produce a male who has all the typical male secondary sexual characterizes, the fetus needs to have: a. a SRY gene b. functional male gonads c. male gonads that produce the male hormone at the correct time d. a Y chromosome Which of the following is true about hormones in humans? a. both estrogen and testosterone are present in males and females b. there is a two carbon difference in the molecular make up of them c. males lack estrogen and females lack testosterone d. they don t affect secondary sexual characteristics e. estrogen is made from testosterone A person may appear to be a female even if genetically they are XY if their Y chromosome: A. is non-functional B. has been duplicated making an XYY individual C. causes their male gonads to develop D. is missing the SRY gene E. produces the hormone testosterone Which is true about males? a. tend to be thought of as stronger, larger, and flashier than females b. have a gonads that produces sperm c. are often small, dull, and weak d. a and b 10
The example of Brenda, the boy who was surgically and chemically altered to be a girl but who always felt like a boy, illustrates: a. that gender is flexible, and can be easily changed b. that gender may have a biological basis, and cannot be altered c. that some people cannot accept who they really are d. that many people can be convinced that they are really the opposite sex e. None of these In crocodiles, the sex of offspring is determined by: a. the mothers genes b. the fathers genes c. the temperature of the environment d. hormones in the eggs e. the amount of water in the environment The biological basis of beauty has been shown to be: a. based on symmetry of features b. based on the average of features found in the population c. a result of how smart or funny a person is d. a and b The secondary sexual characteristics of humans are most affected by: a. their health b. their hormones c. their age d. their living conditions Attributes such as full lips in a women or a strong lower jaw line in a man indicate: a. their level of hormones, and thus their fertility b. their health, and thus their fertility c. the number of parasites they are infected with, and thus their health d. how many mates they have had, and thus the quality of their genes e. how many offspring they have had, and thus their health In a surprising experiment, scientists discovered that humans possess the ability to smell MHC proteins. Why is this important? a. It is advantageous for parents to have different MHC alleles to pass on to their offspring b. A female who could smell the type of MHC proteins in a mate could select a mate with ones different than hers c. MHC genes produce proteins that are important in defense against viruses, bacteria, and parasites d. All are correct e. None of these 11
Experiments show that female humans will select males with strong secondary sexual characteristics (high testosterone) when ovulating, but they will select males with weaker secondary sexual characteristics when choosing a long term mate. This difference in preference is best explained by the fact that: a. females want their sons to have weak secondary sexual characteristics, but they want their mate to be more attractive to other females so they will produce lots of offspring. b. females want their sons to have strong secondary sexual characteristics, but they want their mate to be able to produce lots of offspring with her. c. females want lots of daughters so she chooses a mate with weak secondary sexual characteristics, but she wants her mate to help raise them. d. females want their sons to have strong secondary sexual characteristics, but they want their mate to be less attractive to other females so he will stay with her and the offspring. e. None of these All of the following are true about homosexuality EXCEPT: a. approximately 2-20% of the human population are homosexual b. their appears to be some evidence of a genetic basis for it, at least in insects c. it is the psychological perception of being male or female d. it has been documented in over 500 species of animals e. All are true Short Answer Half the number of chromosomes needed for full set of genetic information is called the number. Gregor Medel discovered a number of important Laws about genetics and heredity by crossing different variations of plants. The law of states that allele sets produced in gametes segregate prior to reproduction. The is the place where homologous chromosomes cross over one another during meiosis. During the cell division process called, most body cells are replicated. Also known as Identical twins, twins are the product of a single fertilized egg that splits. Sperm and eggs are specialized cells for reproduction. In general, they are referred to as. Unregulated cell division is also known as. A person who has breast cancer that spreads to another part of their body, like their brain, is often much harder to treat. The spread of the cancer is termed. 12
An chromosome is one that is not a sex chromosome. Duchene muscular dystrophy and Color blindness are examples of - disorders. Even though we are one of the most complex organisms on the planet, only about percent of the human genome is used to encode functional proteins. In eukaryotic organisms, genes are not contiguous, but instead have interruptions within them known as. DNA sequences that resemble genes but are non-functional and are likely to be the remains of once-active genes that have mutated into non-functional genes are called. The process of using DNA instructions for making protein is called. In a disorder, and entire chromosome may be missing or be duplicated. The fact that more advanced organisms, like humans and fruit flies, have larger genomes but a greater percent of non-coding DNA in their genome compared to Prokaryotes is strong evidence for these groups relationships. Early development of many types of vertebrates is so similar as to suggest among organisms. After an egg is fertilized by a sperm it forms a. The mixing of cells from two different fertilized eggs together will result in a mosaic creature known as a. Scientists have found that there are a small group of genes known as the genes which are responsible for directing the body pattern formation in all animals. Cloning for the purposes of creating identical cells for the treatment of disease is called cloning. The ducts are the precursors of the female gonads in humans. The ducts are the precursors of the male gonads in humans. The hormone produced by ovaries and involved in female characteristics is called. The chemical called is the precursor for both the male and female sex hormones. In an unusual situation, the sex of crocodile offspring is determined by the of the nest, which is controlled by the female. 13
In fertilization, gametes meet outside of the bodies of the reproducing individuals. is the subconscious desire for traits of the average. The psychological perception of being male or female is termed. As seen in their large showy tails, are a good example of a male animal that shows an advertisement that is related to gene quality. Many animals use advertisements such as bright plumage, songs, or large antlers to attract a mate. Such advertisements are an indication of the of the individuals genes. Secondary sexual characteristics are a good indicator of quality and fertility as these characteristics are controlled by levels of in the body. is the sexual behavior toward males or females. 14