Definitions Lost Move Syndrome (LMS) can be described as a psychological condition in which athletes find themselves unable to perform a skill that was previously automatic. Day et al. (2006) Specifically, LMS [ ] is characterised by a sudden and temporary loss of fine, and/or gross motor control, manifesting as locked, stuck, or frozen movements. A central finding [ ] associated LMS [ ] to feeling like someone, or something, other than the athlete was in control for a momentary period of time. Bennett et al. (2015) Diagnostic Representation of LSS/LMS Psychomotor characteristics of LSS/LMS Skill acquisition either quick and easy or difficult and slow sudden loss neglect of multisensory experience in skill acquisition critical incident < 72h acute Coping with an emerging situation chronic 72h - 30d > 30d heightened arousal levels (perceiving situation as meaningful) focus on negative aspects / negative self-talk gradual loss Information processing switch from unconscious to conscious processing loss in sensory-motor sensitivity Lineberry (2013, 2015) Day et al. (2006) - Lineberry (2015) - Tenn (1995) A dynamic system theory account on Lost Skill Syndrome state space (= all theoretically possible coordination states) influence constraints (organism, environment, task) coordination states (= skills) satisfy - Muchisky et al. (1996)
Skill #1 Skill #2 Skill #1 Skill #4 Skill #2 Skill #5 stability functional variability Skill #1 Skill #4 Skill #2 Skill #1 Skill #4 Skill #2 Skill #5 Skill #5 Perception-Action Coupling Visual Strategies: Eye-Movements
Psychological consequences of LSS constraints Intention Motor Control Perception-Action Coupling transfer generalization Manifestation of LSS decrease or breakdown in motor control serious fall and/or injury different attentional focus emotional and physiological response changed (biased) perception changed (heightened) cognitive activity Day et al. (2006) - Lineberry (2015) - Hennessy (1995) Psychological consequences of LSS Psychological consequences of LSS transfer generalization Manifestation of LSS Intention constraints Motor Control Perception-Action Coupling decrease or breakdown significant changes in motor in movement control pattern serious stablization fall and/or of changed injury movement pattern 5-Step Routine Prediction training Motor Training Imagery / Hypnosis different attentional focus emotional and physiological response Attention control training Relaxation training changed (biased) perception changed (heightened) cognitive activity Perceptual training Self-talk Day et al. (2006) - Lineberry (2015) - Hennessy (1995) Day et al. (2006) - Lineberry (2015) - Hennessy (1995) Motor Training Step 1 No intertrial variability No body transport Step 2 Intertrial variability No body transport Step 3 No intertrial variability Body transport Step 4 Intertrial Variability Body transport Gentile (2000)
Imagery Relaxation (and Activation) Training PETTLEP-Approach P Physical E Environment T Task T Timing L Learning E Emotion P Perspective Holmes & Collins (2001) Williams (2006) Relaxation (and Activation) Training Self-Talk mind to body techniques autogenic training / EMDR meditation / hypnosis listening to music... Task-specific statements: step back, turn and up body to mind techniques progressive relaxation yoga / EFT dancing... Encouragement and effort: You can do it! Mood words: hard, blast, calm multimodal techniques stress inoculation training visuo-motor behavioral rehearsal restricted environmental stimulation... Williams (2006) Landin & Herbert (1999) Perceptual Training Performance Routine 5-Step-Approach readying Develop distinct and skillspecific visual strategies (highlight relevant visual spots during training) imagining executing with a quiet mind Educate attention to process different (visual) cues (focus / occlude sensory information during training) Feedback for next attempt Singer (2002) focusing attention on external cue (concentrating) evaluating
Prediction-Training (open / closed) Case Study: LSS in trampoline gymnastics Task definition and prediction Coach: Define task (e.g., 5 somersaults with perfect landing). Gymnast: Predict outcome (e.g., 4 out of 5 will be successful). Sources of Information Interview Training Protocols Observation Task execution and observation Gymnast: Execute task. Coach: Count successful attempts. Evaluation Was the prediction correct? If not, what was the problem? Activation Relaxation Concentration Self-Talk Imagery Diagnostic Tools Eberspächer (2001) Case Study: LSS in trampoline gymnastics Concentration Grid (without distraction) -2-1 0 1 2 Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports (PSIS) d2-test Concentration Grid Test Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Activation Einsatz(von(Ak-vierung((Tr.)( Training Activation Einsatz(von(Ak-vierung((WK)( Einsatz(von(Entspannung((Tr.)( Relaxation Training Relaxation Einsatz(von(Entspannung((WK)( Attentional Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle((Tr.)( Control (Tr.) Negative Nega-ve(Kogni-onen((WK)( Cognitions (Co.) Self-Talk Selbstgespräche((Tr.)( in Training Self-Talk Selbstgespräche((WK)( in Competitive Anxiety WKBAngst( Self-Confidence Selbstvertrauen( Sport Sportmo-va-on( Motivation Concentration Konzentra-onsfähigkeit((o.(Distr.)( (w/o distr.) Visual Visuelle(Suche((o.(Distr.)( Search (w/o distr.) Konzentra-onsfähigkeit((m.(Distr.)( Concentration (w. distr.) Visual Search Visuelle(Suche((m.(Distr.)( (w/o. distr.) Vividness Bewegungsvorstellung((external)( of Imagery (external) Vividness Bewegungsvorstellung((internal)( of Imagery (internal) Cognitive Anxiety Besorgnis( (state) Somatic Anxiety Soma-sche(Angst( (state) Self-Confidence Zuversicht( 01 23 25 24 09 04 12 22 07 06 11 19 21 16 05 17 08 14 02 13 20 15 10 18 03 Harris & Harris (1984) Concentration Grid (with distraction) Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire no image at all, you only know that you are thinking of the skill perfectly clear and as vivid as normal vision 01 08 25 07 13 04 12 22 02 06 17 03 14 24 09 11 19 21 16 05 20 15 10 18 23 Standing Walking Running Jumping Reaching your tiptoe Kicking a stone Drawing a circle on paper Bending to pick up a coin Falling forwards Jumping sideways Running upstairs Slipping over backwards Catch a ball with two hands Throwing a stone into water Kick a ball in the air Hit a ball along the ground Running downhill Climbing over a high wall Sliding on ice Riding a bike Jumping into water Swing on a rope Balancing on one leg Jumping off a high wall Harris & Harris (1984) Isaac (1986)
Case Study: LSS in trampoline gymnastics Case Study: LSS in trampoline gymnastics Motor Training (+ Spotting) 5-Step Routine Relaxation Training Prediction Training Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports (PSIS) d2-test Concentration Grid Test Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Activation Einsatz(von(Ak-vierung((Tr.)( Training Activation Einsatz(von(Ak-vierung((WK)( Einsatz(von(Entspannung((Tr.)( Relaxation Training Relaxation Einsatz(von(Entspannung((WK)( Attentional Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle((Tr.)( Control (Tr.) Negative Nega-ve(Kogni-onen((WK)( Cognitions (Co.) Self-Talk Selbstgespräche((Tr.)( in Training Self-Talk Selbstgespräche((WK)( in Competitive WKBAngst( Anxiety Self-Confidence Selbstvertrauen( Sport Sportmo-va-on( Motivation Concentration Konzentra-onsfähigkeit((o.(Distr.)( (w/o distr.) Visual Visuelle(Suche((o.(Distr.)( Search (w/o distr.) Konzentra-onsfähigkeit((m.(Distr.)( Concentration (w. distr.) Visual Visuelle(Suche((m.(Distr.)( Search (w/o. distr.) Vividness Bewegungsvorstellung((external)( of Imagery (external) Vividness Bewegungsvorstellung((internal)( of Imagery (internal) Cognitive Anxiety Kogni-ve(Angst( (state) Somatic Anxiety Soma-sche(Angst( (state) Self-Confidence Zuversicht( -2-1 0 1 2 B2(((((((((((((((B1((((((((((((((((0((((((((((((((((1((((((((((((((((2( pre post Summary & Conclusion Lost Move Syndrome / Lost Skill Syndrome is a serious condition in acrobatic sports and it should be handled with care. Summary & Conclusion Summary & Conclusion LSS/LMS can become manifest in several aspects such as emotional responses, changed cognitive activity, biased perception, and/or changed attention. It may also generalize to Psychological interventions may be most effective when a gymnast finds him-/herself suffering from LSS/LMS. However,
Summary & Conclusion instead of using classical (unimodal) approaches, a multimodal approach may be suited best in the treatment of LSS/LMS. It may therefore be advisable to consult a trained sport psychologist., PhD Professor University of Hildesheim Institute of Sport Science E thomas.heinen@uni-hildesheim.de P +49(0)5121 / 883-11914 Many thanks to Kostas Velentzas, Damian Jeraj, Pia Vinken, Steffen Eisloeffel and Heiko Berger!