Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
U. Ratsch M. M. Richter 1.-0. Stamatescu (Eds.) Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence An Interdisciplinary Debate With 18 Figures Springer
Dr. Ulrich Ratsch Forschungsstatte der Evangelischen Studiengemeinschaft Schmeilweg 5, 0-69118 Heidelberg, Germany e-mail: fest.ratsch@oln.comlink.apc.org Professor Dr. Michael M. Richter Fachbereich Informatik, Universitat Kaiserslautern 0-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany e-mail: richter@informatik.uni-kl.de Professor Dr. Ion-Olimpiu Stamatescu Forschungsstatte der Evangelischen Studiengemeinschaft Schmeilweg 5, 0-69118 Heidelberg, Germany and Institut ftir Theoretische Physik, Universitat Heidelberg Philosophenweg 16, 0-69120 Heidelberg, Germany e-mail: stamates@thphys.uni-heidelberg.de ISBN 978-3-642-08358-7 ISBN 978-3-662-03667-9 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-03667-9 Library of Congress Cataloging.in-Publication Data applied for. Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme. Intelligence and artificial intelligence: an interdisciplinary debate I U. Ratsch... (ed.). - Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Budapest; Hong Kong; London; Milan; Paris; Santa Clara; Singapore; Tokyo: Springer. 1998 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1998. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1998 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg SPIN 10425896 55/3144-5 43210 - Printed on acid-free paper
Preface The last decade has witnessed an evolution in the field of cognition and artificial intelligence which could be characterized as an "opening up to very different points of view". The two major approaches ("paradigms") of symbolic manipulation and of connectionism no longer insist on their claims to exclusivity. They appear to have entered into a fruitful interaction, either indirectly, each becoming aware of, and trying to incorporate perspectives revealed by the other approach, or directly in concrete studies and applications. In this context there has appeared renewed interest and progress in such fields as fuzzy logics, case based reasoning, learning, etc. - but also concerning questions of meaning, language, neurobiology, and consciousness. This situation enhances the interdisciplinary aspect which has always been an essential feature of research into cognition and artificial intelligence and raises a number of problems concerning mutual assessment and comprehension. The more researchers in each field become interested in, and motivated to learn from the methods and developments in the other fields, the better informed they must become about the latter. A further point of discussion concerns the interaction between precise theoretical developments and the rather liberal practice of applications. A renewed interdisciplinary dialog is therefore naturally emerging with an emphasis on obtaining a thorough understanding of the problems arising in the partners' field. This book originated from a project concerning Questions of Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence conducted at FESt (Forschungsstiitte der Evangelischen Studiengemeinschaft - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research), Heidelberg. An achievement of this institution is that it provides a solid framework for research in, and the dialog between, natural sciences, social sciences, humanities, ethics, and theology and therefore can promote long term interdisciplinary research projects which would scarcely be possible elsewhere. We highly appreciate the engagement of FESt in this indispensable activity and are thankful for its support of, and confidence in our project. We are grateful to Wolf Beiglbock for competent advice and assistance in the completion of the book, to Angela Lahee for thoroughfull reading of the manuscript and to the other persons from the Springer staff who contributed to the publication of the book.
VI Preface We want to express special thanks to Ingrid Sproll for her reliable and patient work in the preparation of the manuscript. Last but not least, the editors would like to thank the authors of this book as well as the other participants in the above mentioned project for their highly motivated and competent contributions to the project. Heidelberg April 1998 Ulrich Ratsch Michael M. Richter Ion-Olimpiu Stamatescu
Contents Introduction Ulrich Ratsch and Ion-Olimpiu Stamatescu Intelligence: A Nomadic Concept Clairette Karakash........... Self-consciousness as a Philosophical Problem Thomas Spitzley.................. Meaning Skepticism and Cognitive Science Felix Miihlholzer.... Frege's Sense and Tarski's Undefinability Volker Beeh.... Logics of Knowing and Believing PetrHajek.... 1 22 41 61 82 96 Knowledge-Based Systems Michael M. Richter............................. 109 Neural Networks Heinz Horner and Reimer Kuhn Problem Solving with Neural Networks Wolfram Menzel.... Paradigm Shifts in the Neurobiology of Perception Andreas K. Engel and Peter Konig.............. 125...... 162 178 Neural Network Models in Psychology and Psychopathology Manfred Spitzer............................... 193 Questions Concerning Learning in Neural Networks Ion-Olimpiu Stamatescu.......................... 209