School of Marketing, Management, and International Business College of Business and Economics Yielding to (cyber) temptation: Exploring the buffering role of self-control in the relationship between organisational justice and cyberloafing behaviour in the workplace Laramie R. Tolentino Simon Lloyd D. Restubog Patrick Raymund James M. Garcia Lemuel S. Toledano Rajiv K. Amarnani
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CYBERLOAFING receiving and sending non-work related emails surfing non-work related websites for non-work purposes downloading non-work related information
4 Cyberloafing and Consequences (Chen et al., 2008) Loss of productivity Network congestion Vulnerability to malware & hacking Legal liability (e.g., copyright infringement & defamation) 30% to 65% of internet usage at work is non-work related (Ananadarajan et al.,2000)
5 Significant Contributions Role of Personality (Self-Control) Interactionist Perspective (Situation x Personality) Self & Co-worker Ratings of Cyberloafing Behavior Inclusion of Control Variables - Gender - Age - Hours of work-related internet use
6 Research Hypotheses Organisational Justice Procedural Justice Interactional Justice H1a H1b Cyberloafing Behaviours Self-rated Co-worker rated H3 Self-control H2 Hypothesis 1a: Perceived procedural justice is negatively related to self-rated and co-worker rated cyberloafing behaviours. Hypothesis 1b: Perceived interactional justice is negatively related to self-rated and co-worker rated cyberloafing behaviours.
7 Research Hypotheses Organisational Justice Procedural Justice Interactional Justice H1a H1b Cyberloafing Behaviours Self-rated Co-worker rated H3 Self-control H2 Hypothesis 2: Self-control is negatively related to self-rated and co-worker rated cyberloafing behaviours.
8 Research Hypotheses Organisational Justice Procedural Justice Interactional Justice H1a H1b Cyberloafing Behaviours Self-rated Co-worker rated H3 Self-control H2 Hypothesis 3a: Self-control will moderate the relationship between perceived procedural justice and cyberloafing such that procedural justice and cyberloafing will be more negatively related for employees with high as opposed to low levels of self-control.
9 Research Hypotheses Organisational Justice Procedural Justice Interactional Justice H1a H1b Cyberloafing Behaviours Self-rated Co-worker rated H3 Self-control H2 Hypothesis 3b: Self-control will moderate the relationship between interactional procedural justice and cyberloafing such that interactional justice and cyberloafing will be more negatively related for employees with high as opposed to low levels of self-control.
10 Methodology: Participants 238 administrative and non-academic personnel and coworkers dyads (response rate 76.77%) Co-worker nomination is based on: regular interaction work collaboration in the same unit Demographics Participants Co-workers Gender 57.6% male 63.9% male Age 31.32 y/o (SD = 6.29) 41.60% between 20-25 y/o Tenure (1 to 5 years) 59.7% 71% Work-related internet usage 3.20 hours/day (SD = 1.52) ---
11 Methodology: Measures Organisational Justice (Niehoff & Moorman, 1993) Procedural Justice My immediate supervisor makes sure that all employee concerns are heard before job decisions are made Interactional Justice When decisions are made about my job, my immediate supervisor is sensitive to my personal needs.
12 Methodology: Measures Self-Control (Scott, 1965) I practice self-control Cyberloafing Behaviours (Blanchard & Henle, 2008) Sent non-work related emails Control Variables Gender Age Number of hours of work-related internet use
13 Key Findings No significant relationship between perceptions of justice and cyberloafing after controlling for the effects age, gender, and hours of work-related internet usage. Runs counter to previous research implicating perceptions of fairness as situational antecedents of cyberloafing (de Lara, 2006; Lim, 2002)
14 Key Findings Self-control was negatively related to both self-reported and co-worker rated cyberloafing behaviors. Consistent with previous research that counterproductive behavior is due to failed selfregulation (Yellowees & Marks, 2007)
15 Key Findings Organisational Justice Procedural Justice -.26*** -.21*** Cyberloafing Behaviours Self-rated * p <.05 ** p <.01 *** p <.001 Self-control -.17** -.19** Co-worker rated
16 Key Findings Organisational Justice -.26*** Cyberloafing Behaviours Self-rated Interactional Justice -.19* Co-worker rated -.17** Self-control -.25** * p <.05 ** p <.01 *** p <.001
Figure 1. The relationship between procedural justice and self-rated cyberloafing under low and high levels of self-control. 17
Figure 2. The relationship between procedural justice and co-worker rated cyberloafing under low and high levels of self-control. 18
Figure 3. The relationship between interactional justice and self-rated cyberloafing under low and high levels of self-control. 19
Figure 4. The relationship between interactional justice and co-worker rated cyberloafing under low and high levels of self-control. 20
21 Key Findings Individuals high in self-control were more capable of overriding their impulses to retaliate in response to perceived injustice. They may have been more able to reappraise the situation, suppress their impulses, and distract themselves from engaging in indirect retaliatory acts such as cyberloafing (Wilkowski & Robinson, 2008)
22 Published Brief Report Restubog, S., Garcia, P., Toledano, L., Amarnani, R., Tolentino, L., & Tang, R. (2011). Yielding to (cyber)- temptation: Exploring the buffering role of self-control in the relationship between organizational justice and cyberloafing behavior in the workplace. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 247-251.
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