PROSTATE CANCER: NEW HORIZONS IN RESEARCH AND TREATMENT

PROSTATE CANCER: NEW HORIZONS IN RESEARCH AND TREATMENT

Prostate Cancer: New Horizons in Research and Treatment Edited by MICHAEL L. CHER The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA KENNETH V. HONN Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA AVRAHAM RAZ Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW

ebook ISBN: 0-306-48143-X Print ISBN: 1-4020-7352-6 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this ebook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: and Kluwer's ebookstore at: http://kluweronline.com http://ebooks.kluweronline.com

Contents Preface 1 Pathology of prostate cancer Mingxin Che and David Grignon Prostate cancer susceptibility genes: Many studies, many results, no answers N.N. Nupponen and J.D. Carpten Molecular profiling in prostate cancer F. Feroze-Merzoug, M.S. Schober and Y.Q. Chen Chromosomal deletions and tumor suppressor genes in prostate cancer J.-T. Dong Role of eicosanoids in prostate cancer progression D. Nie, M. Che, D. Grignon, K. Tang and K.V. Honn Contribution of the androgen receptor to prostate cancer predisposition and progression G. Buchanan, R.A. Irvine, G.A. Coetzee and W.D. Tilley Regulation of apoptosis in prostate cancer S. Gurumurthy, K.M. Vasudevan and V.M. Rangnekar On the role of cell surface carbohydrates and their binding proteins (lectins) in tumor metastasis E. Gorelik, U. Galili and A. Raz Metastasis suppression in prostate cancer E.B. Jaeger, R.S. Samant and C.W. Rinker-Schaeffer The urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in prostate cancer metastasis S. Sheng Angiogenesis in prostate cancer: Biology and therapeutic opportunities B. Nicholson, G. Schaefer and D. Theodorescu Integrins and prostate cancer metastases M. Fornaro, T. Manes and L.R. Languino Prostate carcinoma skeletal metastases: Cross-talk between tumor and bone E.T. Keller, J. Zhang, C.R. Cooper, P.C. Smith, L.K. McCauley, K.J. Pienta and R.S. Taichman Signal transduction targets in androgen-independent prostate cancer J. Zhou, J. Scholes and J.-T. Hsieh The diet, prostate inflammation, and the development of prostate cancer W.G. Nelson, T.L. DeWeese and A.M. DeMarzo Prostate cancer diagnosis, staging and survival V. Narain, M.L. Cher and D.P. Wood Jr. Surgery for prostate cancer: Rationale, technique and outcomes T.M. Downs, C.J. Kane, G.D. Grossfeld, M.V. Meng and P.R. Carroll 3 19 29 37 59 71 89 109 143 151 161 185 197 215 227 241 253

vi The future of cancer imaging D.A. Benaron Antisense therapy: Current status in prostate cancer and other malignancies M. Gleave, H. Miyake, U. Zangemeister-Wittke and B. Jansen Antiangiogenesis therapeutic strategies in prostate cancer G.R. Macpherson, S.S.W. Ng, N.J. Lakhani, D.K. Price, J. Venitz and W.D. Figg Chemoprevention of prostate cancer O. Kucuk Prostate brachytherapy W.J. Ellis Fast neutron irradiation for prostate cancer J.D. Forman, M. Yudelev, S. Bolton, S. Tekyi-Mensah and R. Maughan Prostate cancer gene therapy: Past experiences and future promise T.A. Gardner, J. Sloan, S.P. Raikwar and C. Kao Vitamin D-related therapies in prostate cancer C.S. Johnson, P.A. Hershberger and D.L. Trump Osteoporosis and other adverse body composition changes during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer M.R. Smith 269 303 317 331 345 351 357 367 379

Preface The incidence of prostate cancer has declined recently in the United States. Due to sustained efforts at early detection, however, a large number of men around the world continue to be diagnosed every year with early stage tumors. Fortunately, aggressive treatment approaches aimed at eradicating the primary tumor are capable of rendering most men free of tumor recurrence indefinitely. Without a doubt, technical refinements in surgery and radiation have led to quantifiable improvements in the quality of life of men choosing organ-ablative local treatment. Nonetheless many men continue to suffer recurrence and eventually develop metastatic disease. In addition, a significant number of men have metastatic disease when their prostate cancer is first diagnosed. Many of our patients continue to die of prostate cancer, and disease- and treatment-related morbidity continues to extract a heavy toll on the men with this disease, their families, and society in general. In the last few years, the pace of research in prostate cancer has increased dramatically. New and emerging technologies have combined together with novel ideas from creative scientists leading to an explosion of new discovery. For example, genome- and transcriptomewide analyses have led to a tremendous expansion of links between the fields of tumor genetics and tumor biology. Within the area of tumor biology, scientists are now focusing on the relationship between tumor cells and the surrounding microenvironment. These studies have increased our understanding of the processes of angiogenesis, apoptosis, androgen insensitivity, tumor cell dissemination, and growth at distant sites. These types of advances in prostate cancer research presage an era of new treatment approaches based on an understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of disease. We look forward to an era of exciting and innovative investigations into the biological mechansims of cancer. We will soon see enhanced treatment efficacy together with reduced systemic and local effects of the disease and its treatment. In this book, we are pleased to provide a series of reviews covering current basic, translational, and clinically-oriented research in prostate cancer. These articles appeared recently in three issues of Cancer and Metastasis Reviews devoted exclusively to prostate cancer. We chose topics and authors based on a desire to provide timely, interesting, and useful information to all readers of Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. Our aim was to cover a spectrum of research issues ranging from genetic, molecular, and cellular analyses all the way to epidemiological studies, refinements in local treatment strategies, and new biologically based non-hormonal treatments for systemic disease. We hope that these reviews will appeal to all with an interest in prostate cancer, including clinicians, clinician-scientists, basic scientists, and men with prostate cancer, their families and supporters. Michael L. Cher, M.D. Wayne State University and The Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute Detroit, Michigan, USA M.L. Cher, K.V. Honn and A. Raz (eds): Prostate Cancer: New Horizons in Research and Treatment, 1. 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.