P. Namanee, S. Kuprasert and W. Ngampongsai. Abstract

ก ก Apparent nutrient digestibility coefficient, nitrogen retention and rumen ecology of goat fed pineapple waste as roughage source P. Namanee, S. Kuprasert and W. Ngampongsai Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pineapple waste as roughage source on apparent nutrient digestibility coefficient, nitrogen retention and rumen ecology with goats. Eight Thai Native Aglo-Nubian 50% crossbred male goats, 2 years old, were used with average body weight of 37±1.0 kg. The experimental design was 4 4 replicate latin square design with four treatments (2 goats/group) according to plicatulum hay (T 1 ), pineapple waste (T 2 ), plicatulum hay and pineapple waste at the ratio of 1:10 w/w. (T 3 ) and plicatulum hay and pineapple waste at the ratio of 1:20 w/w. (T 4 ) All goats were fed 90% of roughage at preliminary period and supplemented with concentrate 0.50% of body weight (DM). The results showed that dry matter intake (DMI), organic matter intake (OMI) and crude protein intake (CPI) of goats fed T 3 was highest (p<0.05). The apparent digestibility coefficient of the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), nitrogen free extract (NFE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) of goats fed T 2, T 3 and T 4 were not significantly different (p>0.05) but higher than the goats fed T 1 (p<0.05). Nitrogen retention of goats fed T 2 and T 3, expressed in g/kgw 0.75, higher than the goats fed T 1 and T 4.There were not significantly in rumen ph (p>0.05) among groups fed T 2, T 3 and T 4 but lower than (p<0.05) the group fed T 1, however rumen ph of all groups were normal (6.35-7.01). The levels of ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N) of all groups were not significantly different (p>0.05), but slightly lower than those needed for rumen microbial activity (6.07-9.91 mg/dl). In conclusion, the utilization of pineapple waste increased apparent digestibility of nutrients and was not effect on rumen ecology of goats. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90112 ก 90112 Keywords : Nutrient digestibility coefficient, nitrogen retention, rumen ecology, pineapple waste, goats 93

ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก - ก 50 ก 37±1.0 ก ก 8 4 ก 2 ก 4 4 Replicate Latin Square Design ก ก 1 ก 2 ก 3 ก 4 ก 1:10 1:20 ก กก 90 ก ก 0.5 ก ( ) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 1:10 ก ก ก (p<0.05) ก ก ก ก ก (p<0.05) ก ก ก ก 1:10 1:20 ก (p>0.05) ก ก 4 ก ก ก (p>0.05) ก ก 1:10 1:20 ก ก ก ก (p>0.05) ก ก ก ก 1:10 ก ก ก (p<0.05) ก - ก 4 ก 4 ก ก (p<0.05) 6.35-7.01 ก ก - ก 4 ก ก ก (p>0.05) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก - ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (, 2547) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (ก, 2550) 94

ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ( ) ก 1,754.4 ก 3,870.00 ก ก / กก ก 1,228.10 ก / 1 ก 2,700.55 ก ก 4.0 ก 0.370 (, 2537, 2547) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก - ก 50 ก ก ก - ก 50 2 ก 37±1.0 ก ก 8 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 14 2,700 ก 1 ก ก 3 1.2 ก 100 ก ก ก NRC (1981) ก ก (replicate latin square design) 4 ก 2 ก ก (treatment) ก (T1) (T2) ก 1:10 (T3) 1:20 (T4) ก ก ก ก ก ( ก, Idecitn, The British Dispensary (L.P) Co., Ltd., ) 1 95

ก 50 ก ก ก ก ก 8 ก ก 80 ก ก 2 1. ก (Preliminary period) ก ก ก 14 ก ก 4 4 Replicate Latin Square Design ก ก ก 0.8 1.2 1.2 (ก ) ก กก ก 10 ก ก ก (metabolism cage) ก 0.4 1.25 0.8 (ก ) ก ก กก ก ก ก ก ก 0.5 ก ( ) 2 08.00 14.00 ก ก ก 30 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 4 ก ก 2. ก (Collection period) ก 90 ก ก ก ก ก 2 08.00 14.00 ก ก ก 5 ก ก (total collection) 6 ก ก ก ก กก (rumen fluid) ก - - ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 2 500 ก 1 ก ก 100 24-48 2 65-70 24-48 ก 1 ก ก ก 2 ก 5 ก 65-70 24-48 ก 1 ก 96

ก ก 200 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 5 ก 08.00 ก ก 2 1 ก 100 ก 100 24-48 2 ก 20 65-70 24-48 5 ก 300 ก ก 1 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 5 ก 08.00 ก ก ก ก 1 (1 M H 2 SO 4 ) 80 ก (ph<3) ก ก กก ก ก ก 20 ก ก ก 5 ก ก ก 5 ก -20 ก ก กก ก ก กก ก ก ก กก ก ก (0 ) 4 stomach tube ก vacuum pump ก 100 ก - ph electrode ก 60 ก 100 1 M H 2 SO 4 1 กก 10 ก ก -20 (centrifuge) 3,000 (352 g) 15 ก (supernatant) ก 10-15 ก -20 ก - ก ก Bermner Keeney (1965) ก ก ก ก - proximate analysis (AOAC, 1990) ก ก 97

ก Goering Van Soest (1970) ก - กก ก ก ก Bremner Keeney (1965) ก ก ก ก ก - - ก (Analysis of variance, ANOVA) ก 4 4 Replicate Latin Square Design Duncan, s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) (Steel and Torrie, 1980) ก ก ก ก ก 1:10 1:20 ก Table 1 ก ก 1:10 1:20 ก ก - ก 4.0 ก ก 13.87 Table 1. Chemical composition of the experimental diets (DM basis) Chemical Diets composition Concentrate T1 T2 T3 T4 DM 90.56 95.81 93.47 93.81 94.32 OM 93.95 91.73 93.28 92.75 93.17 CP 15.82 3.01 5.22 4.60 4.75 EE 6.04 1.27 1.91 1.72 2.17 Ash 6.05 8.27 6.72 7.25 6.83 NFE 63.68 52.46 53.08 51.92 51.24 NSC 1 41.29 14.02 13.55 14.42 14.37 Fiber 8.41 34.98 33.06 34.50 35.01 NDF 30.80 73.43 72.59 72.01 71.89 ADF 16.66 61.38 58.08 57.94 56.33 98

Chemical Diets composition Concentrate T1 T2 T3 T4 ADL 3.21 4.59 5.79 7.26 6.56 Hemicelluloses 2 14.13 12.04 14.51 14.07 15.56 Cellulose 3 13.45 56.79 52.29 50.68 49.77 T1 : Plicatulum hay, T2 : Pineapple waste, T3 : Plicatulum hay and pineapple waste at the ratio of 1:10 w/w. and T4 : Plicatulum hay and pineapple waste at the ratio of 1:20 w/w. DM = Dry matter, OM = Organic matter, CP = Crude protein, EE = Ether extract, NFE = Nitrogen free extract, 1 NSC (Non-structural carbohydrate) = 100-(%CP+%NDF+%EE+%Ash), NDF = Neutral detergent fiber, ADF = Acid detergent fiber, ADL = Acid detergent lignin, 2 Hemicelluloses = NDF-ADF, 3 Cellulose = ADF-ADL ก ก ก ก (dry matter intake : DMI) 4 ก (Table 2) ก ก 4 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (p>0.05) ก ก ก ก ก - ก 1:10 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (p<0.05) (0.51, 1.38 33.89 ; 0.70, 1.80 46.30 ) ก ก (p>0.05) ก ก - ก 1:20 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (13.87 ) ก 3 Table 2. Feed intake of roughage and concentrate in goats Diets Attribute T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM Roughages DMI, kg/d 0.37 b 0.33 b 0.51 a 0.45 ab 29.84 DMI,%BW 1.01 bc 0.89 c 1.38 a 1.18 ab 0.06 DMI, g/kgw 0.75 24.83 bc 21.90 c 33.89 a 29.37 ab 1.53 Concentrates DMI, kg/d 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.19 4.34 DMI,%BW 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.002 99

Diets Attribute T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM DMI, g/kgw 0.75 12.41 12.42 12.40 12.47 0.07 Total DMI, kg/d 0.56 ab 0.52 b 0.70 a 0.64 ab 33.69 DMI, %BW 1.51 bc 1.39 c 1.88 a 1.68 ab 0.05 DMI, g/kg W 0.75 37.23 bc 34.32 c 46.30 a 41.85 ab 1.57 T1, T2, T3 and T4 as table 1, DMI = Dry matter intake, KgW 0.75, Kilogram of metabolic body weight, %BW = Percent body weight a-b-c Means within rows not sharing a common superscripts are significantly different (P<.05) SEM = Standard error of the mean (n = 8) ก ก (organic matter intake : OMI) (crude protein intake : CPI) 4 ก (Table 3) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (p>0.05) ก ก ก ก ก ก 1:10 ก ก ก ก ก 1:20 ก (p>0.05) ก ก ก ก ก 3 ก ก ก (p<0.05) กก ก ก 1:10 1:20 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (2541) ก 85:15 70:30 ก ก ก 100:0 ก ก ก กก ก 100

Table 3. Organic matter intake and crude protein intake of roughage and concentrate in goats Diets Attribute T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM Roughages OMI, g/d 343.21 b 307.93 b 473.32 a 420.02 ab 27.67 OMI, g/kgw 0.75 22.77b c 20.43 c 31.43 a 27.37 ab 1.42 Concentrate OMI, g/d 176.13 173.93 174.60 179.81 4.08 OMI, g/kgw 0.75 11.66 11.67 11.66 11.72 0.07 Total OMI, g/d 519.35 ab 481.85 b 647.92 a 599.82 ab 31.30 OMI, g/kgw 0.75 34.43 bc 32.10 c 43.09 a 39.08 ab 1.46 Roughages CPI, g/d 11.41 b 18.68 a 24.14 a 21.80 a 1.43 CPI, g/kgw 0.75 0.76 c 1.24 b 1.61 a 1.42 ab 0.07 Concentrate CPI, g/d 29.62 29.26 29.44 30.28 0.68 CPI, g/kgw 0.75 1.96 1.97 1.96 1.97 0.01 Total CPI, g/d 41.04 b 47.94 ab 53.57 a 52.08 a 2.08 CPI, g/kgw 0.75 2.72 c 3.20 b 3.57 a 3.40 ab 0.08 T1, T2, T3 and T4 as table 1, OMI = Organic matter intake, CPI = Crude protein intake a-b-c Means within rows not sharing a common superscripts are significantly different (P<.05). SEM = Standard error of the mean (n = 8) ก ก ก ก (Table 4) ก ก ก 1:10 1:20 ก ก ก (p>0.05) ก ก ก ก 4 ก ก ก (p>0.05) ก (2541) ก 100:0 85:15 ก ก ก 70:30 101

ก ก Costa (2007) ก Coast cross ก 0, 33 66 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (Costa, 2007) Table 4. Apparent nutrient digestibility coefficient of diets in goats Apparent digestibility Diets (%) T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM DM 56.29 b 69.39 a 63.97 a 62.15 ab 1.79 OM 60.12 b 69.66 a 66.89 ab 63.85 ab 2.14 CP NFE 53.17 56.29 b 59.58 69.39 a 54.73 63.97 a 52.32 62.15 ab 2.91 1.60 NDF 52.95 b 64.47 a 60.95 ab 56.94 ab 2.01 ADF 43.29 45.15 50.90 43.27 3.19 TDN 58.07 b 67.74 a 68.58 a 66.26 a 1.56 T1, T2, T3 and T4 as table 1, TDN (total digestible nutrient) = DCP+DCF+DNFE+(DEEx2.25) a-b Means within rows not sharing a common superscripts are significantly different (P<.05) SEM = Standard error of the mean (n = 8) 4 ก (Table 5) ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 1:10 ก ก ก (p<0.05) ก ก ก ก ก 1:20 ก ก ก ก ก (p>0.05) ก ก ก ก กก ก ก 1:10 1:20 ก ก ก (p>0.05) ก ก (p<0.05) ก 4 ก ก ก ก ก ก (p>0.05) ก ก ก 1:10 ก ก ก ก 102

ก 1:10 ก ก ก (p<0.05) ก 3 ก ก ก ก 3 ก ก Table 5. Nitrogen retention of diets in goats Diets Attribute T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM Nitrogen intake g/d 6.57 b 7.67 ab 8.57 a 8.33 a 0.33 g/kgw 0.75 0.44 c 0.51 b 0.57 a 0.54 ab 0.01 Nitrogen excreted g/d 5.76 6.50 7.07 7.38 0.41 g/kgw 0.75 0.38 b 0.43 ab 0.47 ab 0.48 a 0.02 Nitrogen excreted (% Calculated from nitrogen intake) 87.62 84.51 82.33 88.63 1.54 Nitrogen retention g/d 0.81 c 1.17 b 1.50 a 0.96 bc 0.06 g/kgw 0.75 0.05 c 0.08 b 0.10 a 0.06 c 0.003 T1, T2, T3 and T4 as table 1 a-b-c Means within rows not sharing a common superscripts are significantly different (P<.05). SEM = Standard error of the mean (n = 8) ก ก - ก (Table 6) 4 ก ก - ก 6.93-7.01 4 6.35-6.73 6.66-6.87 ก - ก 4 3 ก ก ก ก 1:10 1:20 ก ก ก (p>0.05) ก ก (p<0.05) ก ก - ( 4.0) ก ก - ก ก 6-7 (, 2533) ก - ก 4 ก ก ก ก (cellulolytic bacteria) (Hoover, 1986 Hespell Bryant, 1979 Ndlovu 103

Hove, 1995) ก ก ก - ก ก - ก ก 4 ก - ก 4 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก ก (H + ) (Forbes and France, 1993) ก - กก Table 6. Rumen fermentation Diets Attribute T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM Ruminal ph 0-h-post feeding 7.01 6.93 6.96 6.98 0.05 4-h 6.73 a 6.45 b 6.41 c 6.35 d 0.001 Mean 6.87 a 6.69 b 6.69 b 6.66 b 0.03 NH 3 -N, mg/dl 0-h-post feeding 6.94 7.00 6.30 6.07 0.76 4-h 6.48 9.35 9.38 9.91 1.54 Mean 6.71 8.18 7.84 7.99 1.06 T1, T2, T3 and T4 as table 1 a-b-c Means within rows not sharing a common superscripts are significantly different (P<.05). SEM = Standard error of the mean (n = 8) - กก 4 ก (Table 6) ก 6.07-7.00 ก 4 6.47-9.91 ก - 6.71-8.18 ก - กก 4 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 0.5 ก ( ) ก - กก 10-30 ก ก ก (Perdok and Leng, 1990) 104

ก ก ก ก ก ก - ก 1:10 ก ก ก (p<0.05) ก ก ก ก ก ก (p<0.05) ก ก ก ก 1:10 1:20 ก ก ก 4 ก ก ก (p>0.05) ก 1:10 1:20 ก ก ก ก ก ก (p<0.05) ก - ก 1:10 ก ก ก ก - ก 4 ก 4 ก ก 6.35-7.01 ก ก - ก 4 ก ก ก 5.27-9.91 ก ก ก ก ก ก.. 2548 ก.. 2550 ก ก ก ก ก ก ก 105

ก ก. 2550. 2538-2550 ( ) ก : http://www.dld.go.th. [30 ก 2551]. 2547. ก. ( ) ก : http://www.dld.go.th/nutrition/exhibition/research/ research_full/2547/r4743.doc [2 ก 2548].. 2533.. ก :., ก ก ก. 2541. ก -. ก ก 26(4):202-209. AOAC. 1984. Official Methods of Analysis, The 15 th ed., Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington D.C. Bremner, J.M. and Keeney, D.R. 1965. Steam distillation methods of determination of ammonium nitrate and nitrite. Anal. Chem. Acta. 32:485. Costa, R.G.,Correia, M. X. C., Da Silva, J. H. V., De Medeiros, A. N. and De Carvalho, F. F. R. 2007. Effect of different levels of dehydrates pineapple by-products on intake, digestibility and performance of growing goats. Small Ruminant Research. 71:138-143. Forbes, J. M. and France, J. 1993. Quantitative Aspects of Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism. Northampton : The Cambridge University Press. Goering, H.K. and Van Soest,. P. J. 1970. Forage Fiber Analysis. Agricultural Handbook No. 379. USDA. Washington D.C. Hoover, W. H. 1986. Chemical factors involved in ruminal fiber digestion. J. Dairy Sci. 69:2755-2766. Ndlovu. L. R. and Hove, L. 1995. Intake, digestion and rumen parameters of goats fed mature veld hay ground with deep litter poultry manure and supplemented with graded levels of poorly managed groundnut hay. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 6(3):1-15. NRC. 1981. Nutrient Requirement for Goat : Angora Dairy and Meat Goat in Temperate and Tropical Countries. Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press. Perdok, H. B. and Leng, R. A. 1990. Effect of supplementation with protein meal on the growth of cattle given a basal diet of untreated or ammoniated rice straw. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 3:269-279. Steel, R.G.D. and Torrie, J.H. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometric Approach (2 nd ed.). New York : McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc. 106