Soybean Cyst Nematode and other disease issues in soybean Sam Markell, Ph.D. Extension Plant Pathologist North Dakota State University
Questions to Answer What is Soybean Cyst Nematode (SCN)? Why is SCN a threat? How do we manage SCN?
Questions to Answer What is Soybean Cyst Nematode (SCN)? Why is SCN a threat? How do we manage SCN?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/soybean_cyst_nematode
Cysts Nodule
Soybean Cyst Life Cycle Source: www.entm.purdue.edu/nematology/lifecycle.html
Why is the Cyst Important? Soybean Cyst Life Cycle Tough structure Long term survival Moves with soil Equipment, Water, Wind, Birds, Boots, 4-wheelers, etc.. Source: www.entm.purdue.edu/nematology/lifecycle.html
Soybean Cyst Life Cycle Source: www.entm.purdue.edu/nematology/lifecycle.html
Why is Mating Important? High genetic Soybean diversitycyst Life Cycle Ability to change/adapt Source: www.entm.purdue.edu/nematology/lifecycle.html
Soybean Cyst Life Cycle Source: www.entm.purdue.edu/nematology/lifecycle.html
Soybean Cyst Life About Cycle 4 weeks Source: www.entm.purdue.edu/nematology/lifecycle.html
What does SCN do? Feeds Takes away nutrients Water Damages roots Entry for other pathogens
Questions to Answer What is Soybean Cyst Nematode (SCN)? Why is SCN a threat? How do we manage SCN?
Why is SCN a threat? 1. Establishes Quickly in New Environments
1957
1973
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Marett & Tylka 2013
Slide courtesy of Greg Tylka, Ph.D. Iowa St. Univ. Random Survey Sample Sites, 1995-1996 in cooperation with 54% Incidence of SCN Infestation 74% 83% 47% 60% 71%
ND Sampling Program (2013-2016) Funding = North Dakota Soybean Council Pick up sample bags at County Extension Office (Mid-August or later) Soil Sample Send in sample Data mailed to you Reported in eggs/100cc
Why is SCN a threat? 1. Establishes quickly in new environments 2. Few above ground symptoms early
Richland County, ND
Richland County, ND B. D. Nelson
Why is SCN a threat? 1. Establishes quickly in new environments 2. Few above ground symptoms early 3. High level of reproduction
How fast can SCN increase? 30000 25000 Eggs/100 cc 20000 15000 10000 Spring Fall 5000 0 RG200 P0606 A801 Variety Data Courtesy Ted Helms and Berlin Nelson: Richland Co. 2007
Why is SCN a threat? 1. Establishes quickly in new environments 2. Few above ground symptoms early 3. High level of reproduction 4. Survives very well
Source: Slack, D.A., unpublished Slide courtesy of Greg Tylka, Ph.D. Iowa St. Univ. SCN has tremendous long-term survival SCN cysts containing viable eggs recovered from a field cropped to fescue (nonhost grass) for 40 years Source: Riggs, R.D., unpublished SCN-infested field kept fallow and weed free for 8 years soybeans grown in years 9 & 10 SCN damage to soybeans occurred in year 10
Why is SCN a threat? 1. Establishes quickly in new environments 2. Few above ground symptoms early 3. High level of reproduction 4. Survives very well 5. Yield loss
Richland Co., ND 2006 SCN-susceptible 4,000 eggs /100 cm 3 sandy loam soil Drought conditions Source: Berlin Nelson, NDSU
SCN infested soil 2006 - Richland Co., ND SCN-susceptible soybean variety SCN-resistant soybean variety Source: B.D. Nelson, North Dakota State University
Iowa field, undated Tylka - ISU
Why is SCN a threat? 1. Establishes quickly in new environments 2. Few above ground symptoms early 3. High level of reproduction 4. Survives very well 5. Yield loss 6. Interacts with other pathogens
Kandel, NDSU
Kandel, NDSU
Kandel, NDSU
D. Malvick U of MN
Questions to Answer What is Soybean Cyst Nematode (SCN)? Why is SCN a threat? How do we manage SCN?
How do we manage SCN? Sampling Resistance Rotation Seed Treatments
Resistance Pays Twice Protects yield Keeps egg levels low
2012 SCN variety trials 70 60 50 Susceptible Check Avg of Resistant Yield bu/a 40 30 20 10 0 Arthur Wyndmere Wolverton Data: 2012 36 SCN variety test - Ted Helms
2015 SCN Variety Trials 50 Susceptible Check Avg of Resistant 40 Bu/Acre 30 20 10 0 Absaraka Arthur Galesburg Hankinson Data Courtesy: 2015 39 SCN Variety Trials Ted Helms
Not all resistant varieties are created equal 60.0 50.0 Average Yields of Three ND Locations: 2012 LSD = 5.3 Bu/A 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Variety Data: 2012 36 SCN variety test - Ted Helms
2015 SCN Variety Trials 50.0 Average Yield of Four ND Locations: 2015 40.0 Bu/Acre 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Variety Data Courtesy: 2015 39 SCN Variety Trials Ted Helms
Resistance pays twice Egg levels 2500 30000 Eggs / 100 cc Eggs/100 cc 25000 2000 20000 1500 15000 1000 10000 500 5000 Spring Fall Spring Fall 0 0 A B C A B C D E Susceptible Resistant Varieties Variety Adapted From: Berlin Nelson: Richland Co. 2007
Rotate, rotate, rotate
Crop Rotation Effects Significant egg level drop in the first year Some egg level drop in second year Limited drop in next years
SCN survival in crop rotation 40000 Eggs / 100 cc 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 Soybean Wheat 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year Adapted From Berlin Nelson
Rotation Recommendations SCN Hosts Dry Edible Beans Chickweed Field Pennycress Purselane Shepard s Purse Sweet Clover Wild Mustard Soybean Varieties Rotate sources of resistance PI88788, Peking Rotate Variety May be rotating genes within source
Putting resistance and rotation together
Managing SCN 35000 Sus Soy Non-host Res Soy Egg / 100 cc 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year end of season samples Adapted From Berlin Nelson
Managing SCN 35000 Sus Soy Non-host Res Soy Egg / 100 cc 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year end of season samples Adapted From Berlin Nelson
Managing SCN 35000 Sus Soy Non-host Res Soy Egg / 100 cc 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year end of season samples Adapted From Berlin Nelson
Managing SCN 35000 Sus Soy Non-host Res Soy Egg / 100 cc 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year end of season samples Adapted From Berlin Nelson
Managing SCN 35000 Sus Soy Non-host Res Soy Egg / 100 cc 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year end of season samples Adapted From Berlin Nelson
Managing SCN 35000 Sus Soy Non-host Res Soy Egg / 100 cc 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year end of season samples Adapted From Berlin Nelson
Seed Treatments Multiple products now more coming Avicta, Clariva, N-Hibit, Votivo. Trials every year good data is limited Add on to resistance and rotation Not recommended on susceptible beans
Syngenta Seed Treatments Bu/acre 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Absaraka Arthur Galesburg Hankinson CruiserMaxx Vibrance CruiserMaxx Vibrance + Clariva Avicta Complete + Vibrance
Three Soybean Diseases Charcoal Rot Brown Stem Rot Sudden Death Syndrome
Charcoal Rot Soybean, Dry Edible Beans, Corn, Sunflower are hosts Confirmed (widespread) in MN and ND Yield loss high in spots
Photos: Wrather (PMN), Miss St., Bradley, Tone
Courtesy: Malvick, U MN
Brown Stem Rot Soybean Confirmed in ND and MN Premature senescence 5-15% yield loss
Photos: Dean Malvick (UMN)
Sudden Death Syndrome Soybean Confirmed in MN only Worse with SCN Premature senescence Up to 50% yield loss
Photos: Dean Malvick (UMN)
Thank You! Questions?