Algae: Value added, high quality supplement Perspective for the feed industry
Ronald de Vos PhD in Marine Biology (Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver) Remote Setting of Oyster Larvae Researcher TNO Shellfish development of aquaculture techniques Oil spill recovery (ITOPF-Londen: aquaculture expert) Director Aquaculture Royal Prins & Dingemanse Innovation of shellfish culture, shellfish fisheries (oysters/mussels/cockles) Independent consultant for aquaculture: DeVoCo Co-fouder of: Renart Boulon: Oysters with taste Co-owner of: Algae Holland: algae trading Co-owner of Aquamarine: algae culturing DeVoCo R&D - Management - Consultancy
Algae Algae are aquatic plants, microscopic not seaweeds Photosynthesis (autotrophic), or heterotrophic Millions of species (salt and fresh-water) Every specie has it s own characteristics Important ingredients: Fatty-acids (omega-3 EPA-DHA) Amino-acids Protein Fibers Influence these ingredients by culture technique
Trends in Algae Much to do about bio fuels Expensive, availability, low crude oil prices Algae as primary substitution for protein Algae as source for amino-, and fatty-acids, high quality Supplements in Feed and Food Functional group in cosmetics - nutraceutical's
Examples
Algae production and producers Culturing of algae is a specialized business, glasshouse technology NL: 4 companies with a production of circa 90-150tons EU: 19 companies with a production of circa 500-1.200ton World: 10.000-25.000tons Quality and production driven environment : EU-quality Species Application Quality Quantity (SAQQ) Price (dependent on species and culture technique) AlgaeHolland: has a basis of 15 commercial algae producers with high quality and standards
Culture technology Autotrophic Photosynthesis: light-nutrients-water 1-2gr/L, high volume needed Semi-controlled Heterotrophic Carbon source 10-50gr/L, relative smaller volumes Controlled process = quality Mixotroof Both auto- and heterotrophic
Functional characteristics Natural pro-biotics (live-stock, poultry) Source of omega-3 / 6 / 7 / 9 fatty-acids (piglets) Source of amino-acids (ALA-VAL-ARG-LYS) Biological supplement Source of protein (not primary) Source of fibers Several publications proof that specific algae have a positive effect on prevention of diseases, better growth and FCR, meat quality and overall wellbeing of live-stock (WUR, NVWA, TNO, FDA, EFSA) Calves, poultry (meat en eggs), pig(lets), dairy cattle, pets AlgaeHolland has extended list of publications (library)
Usage in different stages Pre-conception (pigs, poultry-eggs) Higher conception rate Lower antibiotics in sows, Neonatal (brood stock) Lower birth dead Higher pre-antibodies Better growth in early days (hatchery stages aquaculture) Nursery Fast growth in early days-weeks smarter juveniles Lower antibiotics Better pigmentations
Grow-out Better growth, lower feed use (FCR) Lower antibiotics Easier going of animals (less stress) Specialties Fatty acids in eggs Fatty acids in milk (milk products) Better quality meat Better pigmentation / color
Whole cell approach Cell wall is strong Breaking of cell wall at producers (drying) Breaking of cell wall at processors (drying, extrusion) Bio availability of components Maximum effect Digestibility Pathways: digestive tract
Processing has an effect on usefulness and bioavailability First line of processing Directly at producer Stock Shelf live Form (flakes-powder-iqf) Customer demands Composition Separation and drying Second line of processing (downstream) At feed processor Mixing Extrusion Expanding
Algae in feed Powder Dry-mixing Paste Extrusion Liquide Spray dryer, infusion, moisture content Processing Heat Pressure Whole cell approach
Chlorella vulgaris Fatt: 14% Fatty-acids Palmitic acid C16:0: 14% Stearic acid: 26,5% Oleic acid: 30% Linoleic acid (LA): 18,9% Linolenic acid (ALA): 4,7% Omega-3: 4,7% Omega-6: 18,9% Amino-acids Alanine: 1925mg/kg Arginine: 374mg/kg Asparagine: 543mg/kg Aspartic acid 74mg/kg Glutamic acid: 1500mg/kg Lysine: 541mg/kg Vitamins Vit-C: 788mg/kg B2: 6,1mgkg B3: 139mg/kg Vit-E: 142mg/kg Fiber 37g/100g Energetic value 1500kJ/100g Protein: Dumas: 23,2% Calcium Magnesium Phosphorus
Chlorella sorokiniana Fatt: 14% Fatty-acids Palmitic acid C16:0 : 28% Linoleic acid (LA): 36% Linolenic acid (ALA): 9,8% Omega-3: 9,8% Omega-6: 36,4% Amino-acids Alanine: 3500mg/kg Arginine: 2200mg/kg Asparagine: 542mg/kg Aspartic acid 1600mg/kg Glutamic acid: 3770mg/kg Lysine: 392mg/kg Vitamins Vit-C: 1170mg/kg B3: 340mg/kg Vit-E: 199mg/kg Fiber 30g/100g Energetic value 1500kJ/100g Protein: Dumas: 44,4% Calcium Magnesium Phosphorus
Nannochloropsis gaditana Fatt: 22% Fatty-acids Palmitic acid C16:0 : 25% Linoleic acid (LA): 2,7% Linolenic acid (ALA): 9,8% Omega-3: 34,2% Omega-6: 7,9% Amino-acids Alanine: 2800mg/kg Arginine: 2590mg/kg Asparagine: 542mg/kg Aspartic acid 3270mg/kg Glutamic acid: 4759mg/kg Lysine: 2660mg/kg Vitamins Vit-C: 2500mg/kg B1: 70mg/kg B2: 48mg/kg Vit-E: 671mg/kg Fiber 30g/100g Energetic value 1700kJ/100g Protein: Dumas: 45% Calcium Magnesium Phosphorus
AlgaeHolland AH has tailor-made solutions. AH translates specific algae qualities (i.e. functional characteristics) to specific usage in feeds AH translates market opportunities for specific products to algae species and algae producers AH procures algae and can formulate specific mixtures of algae species to achieve optimal functional characteristics
Statements for discussion DeVoCo R&D - Management - Consultancy Algae can be used as substitution of other protein sources Algae are too expensive for use in animal feed Only algae extracts (algae oils) can be used and are functional Use algae over insects