Diseases of the Thyroid in Childhood and Adolescence

Diseases of the Thyroid in Childhood and Adolescence

Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine Vol. 11 Series Editors Wieland Kiess, Leipzig David Branski, Jerusalem

Diseases of the Thyroid in Childhood and Adolescence Volume Editors Gerasimos E. Krassas, Thessaloniki Scott A. Rivkees, New Haven, Conn. Wieland Kiess, Leipzig 62 figures, 6 in color, and 42 tables, 2007 Basel Freiburg Paris London New York Bangalore Bangkok Singapore Tokyo Sydney

Prof. Gerasimos E. Krassas Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Panagia General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece Prof. Wieland Kiess University Hospital for Children and Adolescents University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Prof. Scott A. Rivkees Yale Pediatric Thyroid Center Department of Pediatrics Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Conn., USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Diseases of the thyroid in childhood and adolescence / volume editors, Gerasimos E. Krassas, Scott A. Rivkees, Wieland Kiess. p. ; cm. (Pediatric and adolescent medicine, ISSN 1017 5989 ; v.11) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-3-8055-8205-6 (hard cover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 3-8055-8205-6 (hard cover : alk. paper) 1. Thyroid gland Diseases. 2. Pediatric endocrinology. I. Krassas, Gerasimos E. II. Rivkees, Scott A. III. Kiess, W. (Wieland) IV. Series. [DNLM: 1. Thyroid Diseases. 2. Adolescent. 3. Child. W1 PE163HL v.11 2007 / WK 200 D61095 2007] RJ420.H88D57 2007 618.92 44 dc22 2006031665 Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents and MEDLINE/Index Medicus. Disclaimer. The statements, options and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Copyright 2007 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH 4009 Basel (Switzerland) www.karger.com Printed in Switzerland on acid-free paper by Reinhardt Druck, Basel ISSN 1017 5989 ISBN-10: 3 8055 8205 6 ISBN-13: 978 3 8055 8205 6

Contents VII Preface Krassas, G.E. (Thessaloniki); Rivkees, S.A. (New Haven, Conn.); Kiess, W. (Leipzig) 1 Ontogenesis and Anatomy of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis Tsoumalis, G.; Tsatsoulis, A. (Ioannina) 25 Thyroid Disease during Pregnancy Lazarus, J.H. (Cardiff) 44 Thyroid Function in the Newborn and Infant Spiliotis, B.E. (Patras) 56 Pediatric Aspects of Thyroid Function and Iodine Knobel, M.; Medeiros-Neto, G. (Sao Paulo) 80 Thyroid Hormone Transport and Actions Feldt-Rasmussen, U.; Rasmussen, Å.K. (Copenhagen) 104 The Thyroid and Autoimmunity in Children and Adolescents Weetman, A.P. (Sheffield) 118 Congenital Hypothyroidism Karges, B. (Ulm); Kiess, W. (Leipzig) 128 Newborn Screening, Hypothyroidism in Infants, Children and Adolescents Büyükgebiz, A. (Istanbul) 142 Resistance to Thyroid Hormone in Childhood Bakker, O. (Amsterdam) 154 Pendred Syndrome Kassem, S.; Glaser, B. (Jerusalem) V

169 Treatment of Hyperthyroidism Due to Graves Disease in Children Rivkees, S.A. (New Haven, Conn.) 192 Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy in Juvenile Graves Disease: Clinical, Endocrine and Therapeutic Aspects Krassas, G.E.; Gogakos, A. (Thessaloniki) 210 Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma in Pediatric Age Wiersinga, W.M. (Amsterdam) 225 Imaging of the Normal and Affected Thyroid in Childhood Bennedbæk, F.N. (Herlev); Hegedüs, L. (Odense) 270 Thyroid and Other Autoimmune Diseases with Emphasis on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Turner Syndrome Kapellen, T.; Galler, A.; Pfäffle, R.; Kiess, W. (Leipzig) 278 Thyroid and Trace Elements in Children and Adolescents Kahaly, G.J. (Mainz) 287 Author Index 288 Subject Index Contents VI

Preface The aim of this volume is to present the latest global knowledge of the thyroid in children and adolescents. The book consists of 16 chapters starting with the ontogenesis and anatomy of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and ending with the thyroid and trace elements which affect thyroid function in this age group. Special emphasis has been placed on including novel information regarding specific topics of thyroid function. Distinguished experts in the fields of pediatric endocrinology, thyroidology and molecular endocrinology review the present knowledge and advances in pediatric thyroidology. Topics ranging from thyroid disease during pregnancy to iodine deficiency and excess in childhood, thyroid autoimmunity in pediatric age, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in pediatric age, thyroid eye disease in childhood, thyroid cancer in pediatric age, and many others are included. We believe that this book will become one of the main reference sources for pediatricians and endocrinologists and provide the reader with further insights into the pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment of thyroid disease. We wish to thank the whole team at Karger publishers as well as our colleagues and the many authors who did the hard work and from whom we have learned a lot. They all approached their assignments with tremendous enthusiasm, met their short deadlines extremely well, and dealt with suggestions and comments with promptness and restraint. We thank them cordially for their efforts. We hope the reader is equally enthusiastic. Gerasimos E. Krassas, Thessaloniki, Greece Scott A. Rivkees, New Haven, Conn., USA Wieland Kiess, Leipzig, Germany VII