Fifty scales of grey? - A common analysis of dominance self-report scales Carolin Palmer 13th European Conference on Psychological Assessment July 22-25, 2015 Zurich, Switzerland
what is dominance?
dominance [dom in ance] Definition of dominance in English: noun [MASS NOUN] 1 Power and influence over others
dominance and leadership facets of extraversion (dominance vs. sociability) show differential validity for leadership success (Judge, Bono, Ilies & Gerhardt, 2002) important trait for exerting influence in groups and teams: competence-signaling effects of trait dominance (Anderson & Kilduff, 2009) highly relevant leadership skill r =.24 with leadership (corrected:.37; N = 7 692; k = 31) (Judge, Bono, Ilies & Gerhardt, 2002) r =.27 with leadership effectiveness (corrected:.35; N = 10 335; k = 44) (Hoffman, Woehr, Maldagen-Youngjohn & Lyons, 2011)
dominance and sex differences men with higher dominance scores than women (Küpper & Zick, 2011) men gave accurate self-reports about dominance (and women gave accurate self-assessments of friendliness; Moskowitz, 1990)
dominance
common analysis of dominance self-report scales
scales considered* Achievement Motivation Inventory Dominance (10 items; LMI; Schuler & Prochaska, 2000) CAT PD SF Domineering (6 items; based on: International Personality Item Pool. http://ipip.ori.org/) HEXACO-100 Honesty-Humility (recoded) (4 items; Lee & Ashton, 2004) NEO-PI-R Assertiveness (8 items; Ostendorf & Angleitner, 2004) * German scales or translations
two samples sample 1 sample 2 164 135 20.79 years (SD = 2.60, min 18 years, max 34 years) 29.52 years (SD = 13.60, min 16 years, max 69 years) 35 (21.3%; 9 missing) 66 (48.9%) all students 7 pupils, 76 students, 45 employees, 7 unemployed
factor analysis EFA with different samples (study 1, study 2, bign, gender-split bign) show structural equivalence: 3 factors CFA confirms 3 factor solution (χ²/df = 1.94; CFI:.85, RMSEA:.064; SRMR:.073)
dominance factors Like having authority over others. In group decision processes I make the main contribution. Factor 1 social-oriented dominance Factor 2 object-oriented dominance Boss people Factor 3 Honesty- Humility In groups I belong to, I often have a leading position.
sex differences?
descriptives - sex differences3,50 3,00 3,27 3,24 2,93 3,49 3,13 2,78 2,7 2,59 2,55 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 bign 0,50 se ) ve r m C EX A social-oriented dominance H ob je ct -o O rie -1 nt 00 ed H H do do nt ed rie -o al ci so (re in m in an an ce ce 0,00 object-oriented dominance HEXACO-100 HH (reverse) N M SD N M SD N M SD bign 259 2.93.04 250 3.27.04 272 2.59.05 86 3.24.07 87 3.49.05 92 2.70.09 167 2.78.05 158 3.13.05 174 2.55.06
sex differences bign students employees social-oriented dominance > > = object-oriented dominance > > = HEXACO-100 HH (reverse) = = =
construct validity of dominance (factors)
dominance and personality 0,60 0,58 ** 0,40 0,20 0,35** 0,37** 0,21 * 0,26 ** 0,24** 0,13 0,00 0,01-0,20-0,10-0,40-0,40** -0,60 social-oriented dominance object-oriented dominance BFI-10; N = 126, 59, 67 Extraversion Agreeableness Emotional Stability Conscientiousn. Openness
dominance and personality: selected sex differences 0,70 0,60 0,50 0,40 0,30 0,20 0,10 0,00 0,35 0,58 ** Extraversion ** 0,32 0,68 0,44 ** 0,44 ** bign * ** 0,40 0,34 0,29 0,23 0,17 0,11 0,06 0,00 0,21 Emotional Stability * 0,37 ** 0,22 0,16 0,02 bign 0,40 ** social-oriented dominance object-oriented dominance BFI-10; N = 126, 59, 67 0,40 0,34 0,29 0,23 0,17 0,11 0,06 0,00 Conscientiousness 0,26 ** 0,35 ** 0,30 0,19 0,01 0,00 bign *
criterion validity of dominance (factors)
dominance and real life criteria of assertive behavior work experience (in years; N = 43) social-oriented dominance.16 object-oriented dominance.27 time abroad (> 2 months) social-oriented dominance N 75 no M 3.08 object-oriented dominance 75 3.34 SD 0.62 0.51 N 51 yes M SD 3.25 0.58 t -1.56 p.12 51 3.68-3.83**.00 0.45
dominance and real life criteria of assertive behavior wish to achieve or maintain leadership position (N = 126) social-oriented dominance.43** object-oriented dominance.42** maintains leadership position social-oriented dominance object-oriented dominance N 34 34 no M 3.01 3.37 SD 0.64 0.55 N 10 10 leads a group or team (e.g., choirmaster, captain of soccer team) social-oriented dominance 44 3.02 0.59 82 object-oriented dominance 44 3.28 0.54 82 yes M SD 3.40 0.84 3.79 0.30 t -1.58-3.17** p.12.00 3.23 3.59-1.86-3.39**.07.00 0.47 0.47
dominance and real life criteria of assertive behavior Friends ask me for advice. social-oriented dominance.27* -.01 object-oriented dominance.25.24* I m very well prepared for meetings or discussions. social-oriented dominance -.10.37** object-oriented dominance.05.32** I have a good general education. social-oriented dominance.18.21 object-oriented dominance.16.37**
discussion Despite diverse backgrounds of scale construction: two general factors of dominance social-oriented dominance object-oriented dominance differential validities for external criteria (work and private life) differential gender effects implicate shift from socially aggressive alpha to object-oriented leader
thank you. carolin.palmer@psychol.uni-giessen.de
theory Anderson, C. & Kilduff, G. J. (2009). Why do dominant personalities attain influence in face-to-face groups? The competence-signaling effects of trait dominance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(2), 491-503. Hoffman, B. J., Woehr, D. J., Maldagen-Youngjohn, R. & Lyons, B. D. (2011). Great man or great myth? A quantitative review of the relationship between individual differences and leader effectiveness. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(2), 347-381. Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Ilies, R. & Gerhardt, M. W. (2002). Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 765-780. Küpper, B. & Zick, A. (2011). Inverse gender gap in Germany: Social dominance orientation among men and women. International Journal of Psychology, 46(1), 33-45. Moskowitz, D. S. (1990). Convergence of self-reports and independent observers: Dominance and friendliness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1096-1106.
tests & scales Lee, K. & Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric properties of the HEXACO personality inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(2), 329-358. Ostendorf, F. & Angleitner, A. (2004). NEO-Persönlichkeitsinventar nach Costa und McCrae, Revidierte Fassung. Göttingen: Hogrefe. Schuler. H. & Prochaska. M. (2001). Leistungsmotivationsinventar (LMI). Dimensionen berufsbezogener Leistungsorientierung. Göttingen: Hogrefe.