Definitions Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) The EAR is the median daily intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a life-stage and gender group. At this level of intake, the other half of the individuals in the specified group would not have their needs met. The EAR is based on a specific criterion of adequacy, derived from a careful review of the literature. Reduction of disease risk is considered along with many other health parameters in the selection of that criterion. The EAR is used to calculate the RDA. It is also used to assess the adequacy of nutrient intakes, and can be used to plan the intake of groups. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) The RDA is the average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all (7 to percent) healthy individuals in a particular life-stage and gender group. The RDA is the goal for usual intake by an individual. Adequate Intake (AI) If sufficient scientific evidence is not available to establish an EAR on which to base an RDA, an AI is derived instead. The AI is the recommended average daily nutrient intake level based on observed or experimentally determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people who are assumed to be maintaining an adequate nutritional state. The AI is expected to meet or exceed the needs of most individuals in a specific life-stage and gender group. When an RDA is not available for a nutrient, the AI can be used as the goal for usual intake by an individual. The AI is not equivalent to an RDA. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) The UL is the highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a given life-stage and gender group. The UL is not a recommended level of intake As intake increases above the UL, the potential risk of adverse effects increases. Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) An EER is defined as the average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in healthy, normal weight individuals of a defined age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity consistent with good health. In children and pregnant and lactating women, the EER includes the needs associated with growth or secretion of milk at rates consistent with good health. Relative body weight (i.e. loss, stable, gain) is the preferred indicator of energy adequacy. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) The AMDR is a range of intake for a particular energy source (protein, fat, or carbohydrate), expressed as a percentage of total energy (kcal), that is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients. UPDATED NOVEMBER
Definitions Total Fibre The sum of Dietary Fibre and Functional Fibre. Dietary Fibre Non-digestible carbohydrates and lignin that are intrinsic and intact in plants. Dietary fibre includes plant non-starch polysaccharides (e.g. cellulose, pectin, gums, hemicellulose, β- glucans, and fibres contained in oat and wheat bran), plant carbohydrates that are not recovered by alcohol precipitation (e.g. inulin, oligosaccharides, and fructans), lignin, and some resistant starch. Functional Fibre Isolated non-digestible carbohydrates that have been shown to have beneficial physiological effects in humans. Functional fibre includes isolated non-digestible plant (e.g. resistant starch, pectin, and gums), animal (e.g. chitin and chitosan), or commercially produced (e.g. resistant starch, polydextrose, polyols, inulin, and indigestible dextrins) carbohydrate. Physical Activity Level (PAL) The ratio of total energy expenditure to basal energy expenditure. The Physical Activity Level categories were defined as sedentary (PAL -), low active (PAL - 1.5), active (PAL 1.-1.), and very active (PAL 1.-2.5). Physical Activity Level should not be confused with the physical activity coefficients (PA values) used in the equations to estimate energy requirement. Vitamin E The requirement for vitamin E is based on the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of alpha-tocopherol only. This includes RRR-alpha-tocopherol, which occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS- forms) that occur in supplements and fortified foods (all racemic alpha-tocopherol). Other forms of vitamin E do not contribute toward meeting the requirement. Previously, vitamin E activity was reported in alpha-tocopherol equivalents (αte), which included all forms of vitamin E. Alpha-tocopherol equivalents should be converted to milligrams of alphatocopherol. The UL for vitamin E applies to any isomeric form of supplemental alpha-tocopherol. REFERENCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B, Folate, Vitamin B, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (01); Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids (02); Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Chloride, and Sulfate (04). Available at www.nap.edu
Abbreviations and Reference Heights and Weights Abbreviations See definitions and conversion factors for further details. AI Adequate Intake AMDR Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range DFE Dietary Folate Equivalent EAR Estimated Average Requirement EER Estimated Energy Requirement g gram IU International Unit kcal kilocalorie kg kilogram m metre mg milligram N/A Not Applicable Not Determinable NE Niacin Equivalent PA Physical Activity Coefficient PAL Physical Activity Level RAE Retinol Activity Equivalent RDA Recommended Dietary Allowance RE Retinol Equivalent UL Tolerable Upper Intake Level µg microgram y year Reference Heights and Weights 2- mo 7- mo 4- y Reference Height (m) 0.2 0.71 0. 1. 4 1.74 1.77 4 1.3 1.3 Reference Weight (kg) 3 1 37 54 57 Reference Height (inches) 24 2 57 Reference Weight (pounds) Calculated from median height and median body mass index for ages 4 through 1 years from CDC/NCHS growth charts (http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/growthcharts/clinical_charts.htm). Since there is no evidence that weight should change with ageing if activity is maintained, the reference weights for adults 1- years of age apply to all adult age groups. 57 4 4 27 44 7 1 4 1
Unit Conversion Factors Vitamin A Carotenoids Vitamin D Vitamin E Folate Niacin Sodium Height Weight Metric Units Energy yield of macronutrients 1 RAE = 1 µg retinol = 3.33 IU retinol For preformed vitamin A, 1 RE = 1 RAE. 1 RAE = µg beta-carotene 1 RAE = 24 µg alpha-carotene 1 RAE = 24 µg beta-cryptoxanthin To calculate RAE from RE of provitamin A carotenoids in foods, divide RE by 2. 1 µg = IU 1 mg alpha-tocopherol = 5 mg alpha-tocopherol equivalents (αte) 1 mg alpha-tocopherol = IU d-alpha-tocopherol (natural, RRR form) 1 mg alpha-tocopherol = 2.22 IU dl-alpha-tocopherol (synthetic, all racemic form) 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate 1 DFE = 0. µg folic acid from fortified food or from a supplement consumed with food 1 DFE = 0.5 µg folic acid from a supplement taken on an empty stomach 1 NE = 1 mg niacin 1 NE = 0 mg tryptophan 1 g sodium = 2.53 g salt 1 inch = 0.0254 m 1 pound = 0.4 kg µg = 1 mg mg = 1 g g = 1 kg Carbohydrate = 4 kcal /g Protein = 4 kcal /g Fat = kcal /g Alcohol = 7 kcal /g
Equations to estimate energy requirement and young children Estimated Energy Requirement (kcal/day) = Total Energy Expenditure + Energy Deposition 0-3 months EER = ( weight [kg] ) + 5 4- months EER = ( weight [kg] ) + 5 7- months EER = ( weight [kg] ) + 22 - months EER = ( weight [kg] ) + and Adolescents 3-1 years Estimated Energy Requirement (kcal/day) = Total Energy Expenditure + Energy Deposition Boys 3- years EER =.5 (1. age [y]) + PA { (2.7 weight [kg]) + (03 height [m]) } + -1 years EER =.5 (1. age [y]) + PA { (2.7 weight [kg]) + (03 height [m]) } + 25 Girls 3- years EER = 1.3 (. age [y]) + PA { (.0 weight [kg]) + ( height [m]) } + -1 years EER = 1.3 (. age [y]) + PA { (.0 weight [kg]) + ( height [m]) } + 25 Adults 1 years and older Estimated Energy Requirement (kcal/day) = Total Energy Expenditure Men EER = 2 (.53 age [y]) + PA { (.1 weight [kg]) + (53. height [m]) } Women EER = 4 (.1 age [y]) + PA { (.3 weight [kg]) + (72 height [m]) } Estimated Energy Requirement (kcal/day) = Non-pregnant EER + Energy Deposition 1 st trimester EER = Non-pregnant EER + 0 2 nd trimester EER = Non-pregnant EER + 3 3 rd trimester EER = Non-pregnant EER + 2 Estimated Energy Requirement (kcal/day) = Non-pregnant EER + Milk Energy Output Weight Loss 0- months postpartum EER = Non-pregnant EER + 0 7- months postpartum EER = Non-pregnant EER + 0 These equations provide an estimate of energy requirement. Relative body weight (i.e. loss, stable, gain) is the preferred indicator of energy adequacy. Physical Activity Coefficients (PA values) for use in EER equations Sedentary (PAL -) Low Active (PAL -1.5) Active (PAL 1.-1.) Typical daily living activities (e.g., household tasks, walking to the bus) Typical daily living activities PLUS - 0 minutes of daily moderate activity (ex. walking at 5-7 km/h) Typical daily living activities PLUS At least 0 minutes of daily moderate activity Very Active (PAL 1.-2.5) Typical daily living activities PLUS At least 0 minutes of daily moderate activity PLUS An additional 0 minutes of vigorous activity or 0 minutes of moderate activity Boys 3-1 y 0 3 2 Girls 3-1 y 0 1 1.5 Men 1 y + 0 1. 5 Women 1 y + 0 1. 7 1.
Reference Values for Vitamins Vitamin A 1, 2 Vitamin D ** Vitamin E 5 Vitamin K Unit µg/day (RAE) IU/day (RAE) µg/day 4 IU/day 4 mg/day µg/day EAR RDA/AI UL 3 EAR RDA/AI UL 3 EAR RDA/AI UL EAR RDA/AI UL EAR RDA/AI UL AI UL 7 0- mo 7- mo 4- y 2 2 4 25 25 25 25 4 45 5 0 0 5 * * 0 7 7 00 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 1 7 3 3 250 3 * 33 2333 2333 2333 2333 2333 257 257 0 4333 4333 57 333 0 0 0 0 57 333 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 333 0 0 * * This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in italics, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. ** New values have replaced previous values. 1 As Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE). See conversion factors for more details. 2 No DRIs are established for beta-carotene or other carotenoids. However, existing recommendations for consumption of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables are supported. 3 UL as preformed vitamin A only. Beta-carotene supplements are advised only to serve as a provitamin A source for individuals at risk of vitamin A deficiency. 4 These reference values assume minimal sun exposure. 5 EAR and RDA/AI as alpha-tocopherol (2R-stereoisomeric forms) only. See conversion factors for more details. The UL for vitamin E applies only to synthetic vitamin E (all isomeric forms) obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two. 7 Due to lack of suitable data, a UL could not be established for vitamin K. This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes. 25 3 3 * * 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 0 * 2. 5 0* 7 0* 0* 0* 0* 0* 7 0* 0* 0* 0* 7 0* 0* 7 0* 0*
Reference Values for Vitamins Vitamin C Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin B Unit mg/day mg/day mg/day mg/day (NE) mg/day EAR RDA/AI UL EAR RDA/AI UL EAR RDA/AI UL EAR RDA/AI UL EAR RDA/AI UL 0- mo 7- mo 4- y 22 3 3 3 5 0 0 0 0 * 50* 25 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 5 1 0 0 50 00 1 00 1 1 1 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.2* 0. 0.5 0. 0.4 0.5 0. 0. This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in italics, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. Because smoking increases oxidative stress and metabolic turnover of vitamin C, the requirement for smokers is increased by mg/day. Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for thiamin and riboflavin. This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes. As Niacin Equivalents (NE). See conversion factors for more details. The UL for niacin applies only to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two. a As preformed niacin, not NE, for this age group. 0. 0. 0.5 0. 1. 1. 1. 5 2* a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.4 0.5 0. 0. 1. 1. 1. 1.7 1.7 1.7 0.1* 0. 0.5 0. 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1. 1. 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Reference Values for Vitamins Folate Vitamin B Pantothenic Biotin Choline Acid Unit µg/day (DFE) µg/day mg/day µg/day mg/day EAR RDA/AI UL EAR RDA/AI UL AI UL AI UL AI UL 0- mo 7- mo 4- y 0 10 250 3 3 3 3 3 250 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 0 0 0 0* 0 0 b b b c c c 0.7 1.5 1.5 2.2 2.2 2.2 0. 0. 1. d d 1. d d 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in italics, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. As Dietary Folate Equivalents (DFE). See conversion factors for more details. The UL for folate applies only to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two. Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin B, pantothenic acid or biotin. This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes. Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages. b In view of evidence linking the use of supplements containing folic acid before conception and during early pregnancy with reduced risk of neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant take a supplement containing µg of folic acid every day, in addition to the amount of folate found in a healthy diet. c It is assumed that women will continue consuming µg folic acid from supplements until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care. The critical time for formation of the neural tube is shortly after conception. d Because to percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound vitamin B, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet the RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with vitamin B or a supplement containing vitamin B. 1.7* 1.* 2* * * * 7* 7* 7* * * * * 2 * 2 * * * 0* 0* 250* 37 0* 0* 0* 0* 0* 37 * 42 42 42 42 0* 0* 0* 0* 0* 0* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Reference Values for Elements Arsenic 1 Boron Calcium ** Chromium Copper Fluoride Iodine Unit N/A mg/day mg/day µg/day µg/day mg/day µg/day AI UL AI UL EAR RDA/AI UL AI UL EAR RDA/AI UL AI UL EAR RDA/AI UL 0- mo 7- mo 4- y 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 0* 20* 0 0 00 0 0 00 00 0 0 00 0.2* 5. * * 2 * * * 21* 2 2 2 * * 2* 4 * * This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in italics, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. ** New values have replaced previous values. 1 Although a UL was not determined for arsenic, there is no justification for adding arsenic to food or supplements. Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for arsenic and chromium. This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes. 20 3 5 5 5 5 5 0* 2* 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01* 0. 0.7* 1* 2* 2* 0.7 2.2 5 5 73 5 5 5 5 5 73 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 1* 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 20 20 20 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Reference Values for Elements Iron 1 Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Phosphorus Unit mg/day mg/day mg/day µg/day mg/day mg/day EAR RDA/AI UL EAR RDA/AI UL 1 AI UL EAR RDA/AI UL AI UL EAR RDA/AI UL 0- mo 7- mo 4- y. 3.0 4.1 5. 7.7 5.7 e 7. e.1 e.1 e 5 e 5 e 23 22 22 7.5.5 0.27* 7 e e 1 e 1 e e e 27 27 27 5 1 0 3 3 0 2 25 25 25 3 20 2 25 7 0 2 4 4 4 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 1 0.00 0.* * 1. 1.* 2.2* 2. 2. 2. 2. 1.* 1.* 1.* 1.* 1.* 1.* * * * 2.* 2.* 2.* 2 3 This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in italics, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. 1 The requirement for iron is 1. times higher for vegetarians due to the lower bioavailability of iron from a vegetarian diet. 1 The UL for magnesium represents intake from a pharmacological agent only and does not include intake from food and water. e For the EAR and RDA, it is assumed that girls younger than years do not menstruate and that girls years and older do menstruate. It is assumed that women 51 years and older are post-menopausal. 2 33 2 33 3 3 2* 22 43 43 50 50 50 50 50 50 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.2 0.3 0. 0. 5 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 * 27 40 50 50 50 50 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Reference Values for Elements Selenium Silicon Vanadium 22 Zinc 23 Potassium 24 Sodium 25 Chloride 2 Sulfate 27 Unit µg/day N/A mg/day mg/day mg/day mg/day mg/day N/A EAR RDA/AI UL AI UL 21 AI UL EAR RDA/AI UL AI UL 21 AI UL AI UL AI UL 21 0- mo 7- mo 4- y 23 4 4 4 5 5 5 * * 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2.5 2.5 4.0 7.0.5.4.4.4.4 7.0 7.3.....5.5.5..4.4 This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in italics, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. Although silicon has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding silicon to supplements. 21 Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for silicon, potassium, and sulfate. This does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects resulting from high intakes. 22 Although vanadium in food has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding vanadium to food and vanadium supplements should be used with caution. The UL is based on adverse effects in laboratory animals and this data could be used to set a UL for adults but not children and adolescents. 23 The requirement for zinc may be as much as 50 percent greater for vegetarians, particularly for strict vegetarians whose major food staples are grains and legumes, due to the lower bioavailability of zinc from a vegetarian diet. 24 The beneficial effects of potassium appear to be mainly from the forms of potassium found naturally in foods such as fruits and vegetables. Supplemental potassium should only be provided under medical supervision because of the well-documented potential for toxicity. 25 Grams of sodium 2.53 = grams of salt. 2 Sodium and chloride are normally found in foods together as sodium chloride (table salt). For this reason, the AI and UL for chloride are set at a level equivalent on a molar basis to those for sodium, since almost all dietary chloride comes with sodium added during processing or consumption of foods. 27 An AI for sulfate was not established because sulfate requirements are met when dietary intakes contain recommended levels of sulfur amino acids (protein). 2* 3 3 5 4 5 7 23 23 * * * 00* 00* 0* 3* * 00* 00* 00* 00* 00* 0* 00* 00* 00* 00* 00* 0* 00* 00* 00* 00* 00* 00* 00* 00 1 20 20 10* 5* 00* 1* * * * * * 1* * * * * * 1* * * * * * * 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Reference Values for Macronutrients Carbohydrate (Digestible) Total Protein 2 Total Fat Linoleic Acid (n-) α-linolenic Acid (n-3) Total Fibre 31 Total Water 33 Unit g/day g/kg/day g/day g/day g/day g/day g/day Litres/day EAR RDA/AI UL 2 EAR RDA/AI RDA/AI UL 2 AI UL 2 AI UL 2 AI UL 2 AI 32 UL 2 AI UL 2 0- mo 7- mo 4- y 1 1 1 10 10 10 0* 5 5 5 2 2 2 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.73 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.7 0.71 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. f 0. f 0. f 5 5 5 1.52* 5 5 5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 f f f.1*.0 1 52 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 71 f 71 f 71 f 71 71 71 31* This table presents Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in italics, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are in shaded columns. 2 Although a UL was not set for any of the macronutrients, the absence of definitive data does not signify that people can tolerate chronic intakes of these substances at high levels. 2 Available evidence does not support recommending a separate protein requirement for vegetarians who consume complimentary mixtures of plant proteins, as these can provide the same quality of protein as that from animal proteins. Recommendations for total protein are determined as the amount needed per kg body weight multiplied by the reference weight. 31 Total fibre is defined as the sum of dietary fibre and functional fibre. See definitions for further details. 32 The AI for total fibre is based on g/ kcal multiplied by the median usual daily energy intake from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII -1, 1). 33 Total water includes drinking water, water in beverages, and water that is part of food. f The EAR and RDA for pregnancy are only for the second half of pregnancy. For the first half of pregnancy, protein requirements are the same as those of the nonpregnant woman. 4. 4.* 7* * * 1* * * * * * * * * * * 1 1 1 1 1 1 0. 0. 0.7* * * 1.* 1.* 1.* 1.* 1.* * * * * * * * * * * * * 1* 2 31* 3* 3* 3* 2* 2* 2 2 21* 21* 2* 2* 2* 2* 2* 2* 0.7* 0.* * 1.7* * 3. 3.7* 3.7* 3.7* 3.7* 2.1* 2. 2.7* 2.7* 2.7* 2.7* 3.0* 3.0* 3.0* 3.* 3.* 3.*
Reference Values for Macronutrients Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) Total Carbohydrate Total Protein Total Fat n- polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (α-linolenic acid) & Percent of Energy Percent of Energy Percent of Energy Percent of Energy Percent of Energy ears 5 % 5 % % 5 % 0. % 4-1 years 5 % % 25 % 5 % 0. % 1 years and over 5 % % % 5 % 0. % Includes pregnant and lactating women. Up to % of the AMDR can be consumed as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and/or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Additional Macronutrient Recommendations Saturated fatty acids Trans fatty acids As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet Dietary cholesterol Added sugars g Limit to no more than 25% of total energy A UL was not set for saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, dietary cholesterol, or added sugars. g Added sugars are defined as sugars and syrups that are added to foods during processing or preparation. Although there were insufficient data to set a UL for added sugars, this maximal intake level is suggested to prevent the displacement of foods that are major sources of essential micronutrients. Protein Quality Scoring Pattern (age 1 year and older) Recommended pattern Amino Acid mg/g protein Histidine 1 Isoleucine 25 Leucine Lysine 51 Methionine + Cysteine 25 Phenylalanine + Tyrosine 47 Threonine 27 Tryptophan 7 Valine 32 Reference amino acid pattern for use in evaluating the quality of food proteins using the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS). Based on Estimated Average Requirements for both indispensable amino acids and for total protein for ear olds. Physical Activity Recommendation To prevent weight gain and accrue additional health benefits of physical activity, 0 minutes of daily moderate intensity activity is recommended in addition to the activities required by a sedentary lifestyle. This amount of physical activity leads to an active lifestyle.