C14 / CNS / MC3 What two stuctures make up the central nervous system? The CNS starts embryonic development as a neural tube. What adult structures develop from the neural tube? What structures are part of the diencephalon? What structures form the brain stem? What is the basic structural pattern of the CNS? What are names for the four ventricles? Where are they located? How are they interconnected? What do they contain?
What are the main structures of the cerebral hemisphere? explain What is the cerebral cortex? Why is it call the executive suite? What are the three kinds of functional areas in the cerebral cortex? What type of neurons are in the cerebral cortex? Explain What does contralateral mean in contex of the cerebrum? What does cerebral laterization mean? Where is the primary motor cortex located? What is another name for the spinalcortical tract? Structure & Function
What is somatotopy? What is a motor homunculus? Where is the premotor cortex located? What is the function of the premotor cortex? What is Broca s area? structure and function Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located? Where is the somatosensory association cortex located? What is its fuction? Where is the primary visual cortex located? What is the visual association area?
Where is the primary auditory area located? What is the auditory association area? Where is the vestibular cortex located? Where is the ofactory cortex located? What is its funcitons? What is the rhinenocephalon? Role in evolution? Where is the gustatory cortex located? What is its funciton? Where is the visceral sensory area located? What is its functions?
Where is the multimodal associaton area located? What part of the multimodal association area is the most complex? Functions: What part of the multimodal association area allows you to recognize patterns and faces? What part of the multimodal associaton area provides the emotional impact to a sensation? Where is this located? What is the dominant pattern for cerebral lateralization? What makes up the cerebral white matter? How is it arranged?
Where is the basal nuclei located? What structures are part of the diencephalon? What do they encircle? Where is the thalamus located? What is the intermediate mass? Where is the hypothalamus located? What does it cap? What is the general function of the hypothalamus? What are the chief homeostatic roles of the hypothalamus? (1-2 0f 7) What are the chief homeostatic roles of the hypothalamus? (3-4 of 7)
What are the chief homeostatic roles of the hypothalamus? (5-6 of 7) What are the chief homeostatic roles of the hypothalamus? (7 of 7) Where is the epithalamus located? Where is the midbrain located? What is a peduncle? What three peduncles are found in the midbrain and what do they do? What is the function of these midbrain structures? (corpora quadrigemina, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, cerebral aqueduct, periauqueductal gray matter, substantia nigra, oval red nucleus) Where is the pons located? What is between the pons and the cerebellum?
What significant structures and functions are associated with the pons? Where is the medulla oblongata located? What type of autonomic refex centers (homeosatic mechanisms) are located in the medulla? What is the size and location of the cerebellum? What is its general function? How are the fiber tracts moving in and out of the cerebellum different than the fiber tracts of the cerebrum? What is the function of the superior, middle, and inferior peduncles of the cerebellum?
How does cerebellar processing fine tune motor activity? Where is the limbic system located? What is its general function? Why are odors often trigger emotional reactions and/or memmories? Limbic system connected with lower and upper brain regions. What structure does the limbic system use as a relay for output? Why is this significant? What is the structural bases for conflict between or emotional brain and our congnitive brain?
What limbic system structures play a role in learning and memory? What is the significance? Where is the reticular formation located? What is its funciton? What is the mechanism mediated by the reticular activation system to induce sleep? Is sleep like coma? What can we learn about the brain s activity from electroencephalograms? What is syncope? How is coma different than sleep?
What occurs in REM sleep? What occurs in NREM4? Why is sleep necessary? What structure is responisble for the timing of the sleep cycle? What is narcolepy? What is likely to happen if there is a lesion in Broca s area?
What is likely to happen if there is a lesion in Wernicke s area What is the difference between long term and short term memory? What are the two categories of memory? What brain structures and neurotransmitter are associated with declarative and procedural memory? Where are there other memory centers? What 5 molecular events are associated with learning?
What is the meminges? Functions? What are the three dural septa? How is the dura matter arranged? How is the arachnoid matter arranged? How is the pia matter arranged? What is the cerebrospinal fluid? What structure contributes to the formation of the CSF? What is its functions?
Draw a picture to show flow pattern of CSF: What is the blood brain barrier? What is the blood cerebral spinal fluid barrier? Is there a brain cerebrospinal fluid barrier? What is ischemia? What conditions are associated with Alzheimer s disese?
What conditions are associated with Parkinson s disease? How is the spinal cord arranged? Spinal Cord Structures: meminges / epidural space / conus medullaris / filum terminale / denticulate ligaments / cauda equina / cervical and lumbar enlargements Spinal Cord Structure (study fig 12.28 + 12.29) Ascending and decending spinal tracts (study fig 12.30) What is the direct pathway (pyramidal or corticospinal tract)?
What are the indirect (extrapyramidal tracts) pathway? What is paralysis? What is parethesias? What is spinal shock? Poliomyelitis? Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)