Neuropsychological Formulation
Jamie A. B. Macniven Editor Neuropsychological Formulation A Clinical Casebook
Editor Jamie A. B. Macniven Department of Neurology Auckland City Hospital Auckland, New Zealand ISBN 978-3-319-18337-4 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-18338-1 ISBN 978-3-319-18338-1 (ebook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2015942677 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Editor and Authors 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface Analysis and synthesis are thus the incessantly alternating mental activities, a stroke of the one preparing the way for a stroke of the other, much as, in walking, a man s two legs are alternately brought into use, both being indispensable for any orderly advance. William James (1890, p. 550) Clinical neuropsychologists work across diverse cultures and clinical settings, and with an enormous range of patient presentations and health conditions. There are a number of common strands to what we do. Perhaps the three most consistent components are clinical assessment, cognitive testing, and diagnosis. There is almost always a fourth component: neuropsychological formulation. It is this core skill that perhaps sets us apart from other health professionals. It is in this process of analysis and synthesis that we draw together those disconnected facts the history, clinical interview, and cognitive test results and create a meaningful narrative to describe a person s experience after neurological illness or injury. This book is an attempt to illustrate some of the complexities, themes, and diversity of neuropsychological formulation. As our profession continues to develop rapidly across the world, I believe that neuropsychological formulation will increasingly be seen as the core competency that defines our contribution to healthcare. I am enormously grateful to the chapter authors for providing such fascinating and informative insights into the process of neuropsychological formulation as practised in different clinical settings and countries, with a diverse range of referral questions and presenting problems. Clinical psychology training typically involves a focus on formulation: A pivotal process in the assessment and therapeutic process of working with people who have mental health problems. Clinical psychologists are encouraged to utilise therapeutic frameworks such as cognitive-behavioural theory to develop hypotheses, help people understand their situation, and to plan intervention. Formulations might be diagrammatic; illustrations of a person s psychological experience. Alternatively, and perhaps more commonly, narrative formulations summarise the predisposing, precipitating, and maintaining factors that explain a person s psychological distress. The same process applies equally well to neuropsychological assessment and intervention. The added dimensions that often make this process more complex include neuropsychological data, neurological history, and neuroimaging. v
vi Preface In many countries, most clinical neuropsychologists are originally trained as clinical psychologists. The concept of formulation has perhaps, therefore, been intuitively integrated into the practices of many neuropsychologists. Most considered, thoughtful, neuropsychological assessments will implicitly lead to meaningful formulations. However, there is limited literature on the subject. Trainees and assistants are likely to struggle to find numerous published examples of diagrammatic or narrative formulations around which to frame their own work. This book is an attempt to add to this literature and in doing so to describe the various ideas, perspectives, techniques, and skills that make clinical neuropsychology such a valuable component of modern healthcare. Each chapter of this book focuses on one or more cases in which an important neuropsychological process, concept, or issue is elucidated. The focus is of course always on neuropsychological formulation in its many guises. We are fortunate to have a breadth of patient ages, neurological conditions, clinical settings, and countries of practice represented across the chapters. As a UK-trained clinical psychologist and neuropsychologist now living and working in New Zealand, I am interested in the commonalities and differences in our work internationally. I believe that we can all benefit from an understanding of how neuropsychology is practised differently across cultures. This book is just a step in that direction, with an admittedly narrow focus on neuropsychology in UK, Italy, New Zealand, the USA, and Australia. The authors of this book have my sincere gratitude for sharing their clinical and academic insights, as do the people who all kindly consented for their neuropsychological formulations to be described. Where possible, all potentially identifying client information has been altered to maintain confidentiality. Finally, because I may never have another chance to do so, this book is dedicated to my beloved whānau: the wonderful, wilful, and always vital Georgia, Phoebe, and Rebecca. J.A.B.M., 2015 References James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Contents 1 The Interface of Neuroimaging with Neuropsychological Findings in Traumatic Brain Injury... 1 Erin D. Bigler 2 The Role of Cognitive Neuropsychology in Clinical Settings: The Example of a Single Case of Deep Dyslexia... 15 Roberto Cubelli, Silva Pedrizzi and Sergio Della Sala 3 A Case of Traumatic Brain Injury in Adolescence, Complicated by a History of Premorbid Learning Difficulties and Significant Social Concerns... 29 Emily Talbot 4 All in the Family: Huntington s Disease, Variability and Challenges for Clinical Neuropsychology... 47 Lynette J. Tippett and Virginia M. Hogg 5 Neuropsychological Aspects of Temporal-Lobe Epilepsy: Seeking Evidence-Based Practice... 71 Stephen C. Bowden, Leonie C. Simpson and Mark J. Cook 6 Neuropsychological Assessment of Medico-Legal Capacity in the New Zealand Context... 89 Kay L. Cunningham 7 Neuropsychological Assessment of an American Indian with a Ruptured Right Carotid Aneurysm and Associated Subarachnoid Hemorrhage... 117 Vicky T. Lomay and George P. Prigatano 8 Paediatric Neuropsychological Formulation of a Traumatic Brain Injury with Special Reference to Culture... 133 Cathy Grant and Arleta Starza-Smith vii
viii Contents 9 An Integrative Approach to Differential Diagnosis of Subarachnoid Haemorrhage and Korsakoff s Dementia... 157 Martha Sorensen 10 Themes in the Formulation of Repeat Assessments... 179 Patrick Vesey and Robert D. Stephens 11 Decisional Capacity in the Traumatically Injured... 199 Christina Weyer Jamora and Ron Ruff 12 Educational Disengagement Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Childhood... 209 Ingram Wright 13 Cognitive Neuropsychological Formulation... 221 Greg Savage Index... 241
Contributors Erin D. Bigler Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA; Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA; Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Facility, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; The Brain Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Stephen C. Bowden Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St. Vincent s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia Mark J. Cook Department of Medicine and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St. Vincent s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia Roberto Cubelli Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Corso Bettini, Rovereto, Italy Kay L. Cunningham PO Box 152, Miramar Wellington, New Zealand Sergio Della Sala Human Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 7 George Square, UK Cathy Grant Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Virginia M. Hogg School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Vicky T. Lomay Tsinajini Psychology Services, Mesa, AZ, USA Silva Pedrizzi Rehabilitation Unit, Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, (FC), Italy George P. Prigatano Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA Ron Ruff University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Leonie C. Simpson Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St. Vincent s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia ix
x Contributors Martha Sorensen AT&R Unit, Middlemore Hospital, Neuropsychology and Rehabilitation, Colvin Complex, Otahuhu, Auckland, New Zealand Arleta Starza-Smith Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Robert D. Stephens Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Greg Savage ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders (CCD), Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, University Avenue, Sydney, Australia Emily Talbot Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Lynette J. Tippett School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Patrick Vesey Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Christina Weyer Jamora San Francisco General Hospital & University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Ingram Wright Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, The Priory Road Complex, Bristol, UK