Protection 1 A Global Perspective Phytosanitary Irradiation Carl Blackburn c.blackburn@iaea.org Food and Environmental Protection Section Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture Sixth Annual Chapman Phytosanitary Forum Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA 23 24 March, 2016
Protection 2 Presentation outline Overview - irradiation Commercial Trade (Phytosanitary) - Trade in fresh fruits and vegetables - PI facilities Trade Agreements - International context and standards Conclusions Short film (?)
Protection 3 Conclusions Lots of things are irradiated Although many radiation processing centres world wide, but few (< 20 facilities) irradiate as a phytosanitary treatment. International framework exists Phytosanitary irradiation and trade is supported by international standards, international agreements, national legislation and regulation. Increasing commercial trade Irradiation treatments for phytosanitary security are being used - fresh fruits and vegetables. Commercial trade volumes increasing but still early days. The time is right Potential for growth
Overview of irradiation Food & Environmental Protection 4
Protection 5 Non-Food Applications Animal feed / chews Medical devices / equipment / implants Cosmetics Medicines Material modification Packaging Artefacts Gemstones
Protection 6 Food Applications Food irradiation is used for the following to reduce the incidence of food-borne disease by destroying pathogenic organisms, to reduce spoilage of foodstuffs by retarding or arresting decay processes and destroying spoilage organisms, to reduce loss of foodstuffs by premature ripening, germination or sprouting, to rid foodstuffs of organisms harmful to plant or plant products.
Protection 7 Special Food Applications USA 42 kgy meat for astronauts / cosmonauts kgy Food medical patients or as emergency rations
Protection 8 Dose Range Log 10 Radiation Dose 10 000 Gy 1000 Gy 100 Gy High Medium Low Sterile (space mission food) (long-life rations) Inactivate microorganisms (Reduce risk of foodborne illness) (Prevent spoilage, extend shelf-life) Phytosanitary hundreds of Gy Inactivate parasites (300 Gy Trichinella spiralis) Prevent sprouting (< 200 Gy) Delay ripening
Commercial Trade Phytosanitary Irradiation (PI) Food & Environmental Protection 9
Protection 10 PI Commercial Trade Fresh fruits and vegetables irradiated at origin or on arrival International Domestic China 20,000 30,000 tonnes per year
Americas Asia & Pacific Americas Irradiation Facilities (Phytosanitary) X-ray Facility USA - Hawaii Pride (Calavo Growers) since 2000 Electron Beam Facilities China Pingxiang, Guangxi will say more about this??viet Nam - SonSon Corporation, Ho Chi Minh City?? USA - National Center for EB Research, College Station, Texas USA Sadex, Sioux City, Iowa http://www.sonsonco.com/vietnam/thanhlong.html NCEBR http://ebeam-tamu.org IAEA Collaborating Centre Hawaii Pride photo - honoluluadvertiser.com. Food & Environmental Protection http://www.sadexcorp.com/ 11
Protection 12 Asia & Pacific Africa Americas Irradiation Facilities (Phytosanitary) Gamma Irradiation (cobalt-60 source) Australia - Steritech, Queensland multipurpose India - Krushak, Lasalgaon, Maharastra food Thailand - Thai Irradiation Centre, Bangkok multipurpose Viet Nam An Phu, Ho Chi Minh City, - multipurpose South Africa - HEPRO, Cape Town multipurpose Mexico - Benebion, Guadalajara - food Mexico - Sterigenics, Mexico City multipurpose USA - Gateway America, Gulfport, Mississippi - food USA - Pa ina, Hawaii, - food
Protection 13 Pingxiang, Guangxi Facility - China Phytosanitary Irradiation E Beam facility, - treat fruit imported from Viet Nam Facility operational in 2015 2 electron beam accelerators (7.5 kw, 10 MeV)
Pingxiang, Guangxi Facility - China Electron Beam - Imported fruit Zhang Guoping Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, China Food & Environmental Protection 14
Trade Agreements International Context Food & Environmental Protection 15
Protection 16 World Trade International trade agreements bedrock of multilateral trading system.. rules and obligations are the bedrock that channel the ebb and flow of trade Fairness avoid arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination. Prevent technical requirements being unnecessary barriers to trade
Protection 17 Food, animal and plant health regulations (Protection not protectionism) WORLD TRADE The WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) Animal Health Standards Plant Health Standards Food Safety & Quality Standards
Protection 18 International Standards Plant Health IPPC OIE CODEX Animal Health Food Safety & Quality
Protection 19 Phytosanitary Irradiation Purpose is to protect plant health IPPC The commodity is often a food Codex IPPC Phytosanitary irradiation Fresh fruits & vegetables Codex Food irradiation Rules, regulations, agreements reflect both IPPC standards and guidelines Codex standards, codes of practice
Protection 20 Phytosanitary Standards IPPC - multilateral treaty: international cooperation in plant protection - Secretariat FAO, Rome, Italy (IPPC = Name of the Organization and the Treaty). International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs) ISPM 18: Guidelines for the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary measure ISPM 28: Phytosanitary Treatments for Regulated Pests Several languages En, Es, Fr Ru, Ar, Zh (Portuguese Vietnamese) https://www.ippc.int/en/core-activities/standards-setting/ispms/
Sources of ionizing radiation ISPM 18: Guidelines for the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary measure Gamma rays (radionuclide cobalt-60 or caesium-137), Electron beams (machine sources) x-rays (machine source) Gamma irradiation Electron accelerators X-Ray machines (Same in Codex General Standard for irradiated food) Food & Environmental Protection 21
ISPM 28: Phytosanitary Treatments for Regulated Pests Annexes with treatments - 15 out of 19 treatments are irradiation Annex Title Min Dose 1 (2009) Irradiation treatment for Anastrepha ludens [70 Gy] 2 (2009) Irradiation treatment for Anastrepha oblique [70 Gy] 3 (2009) Irradiation treatment for Anastrepha serpentin [100 Gy] 4 (2009) Irradiation treatment for Bactrocera jarvisi [100 Gy] 5 (2009) Irradiation treatment for Bactrocera tryoni [100 Gy] 6 (2009) Irradiation treatment for Cydia pomonella [200 Gy] 7 (2009) Irradiation treatment for fruit flies of the family Tephritidae (generic) [150 Gy] 8 (2009) Irradiation treatment for Rhagoletis pomonella [60 Gy] 9 (2010) Irradiation treatment for Conotrachelus nenuphar [92 Gy] 10 (2010) Irradiation treatment for Grapholita molesta [232 Gy] 11 (2010) Irradiation treatment for Grapholita molesta under hypoxia [232 Gy] 12 (2011) Irradiation treatment for Cylas formicarius elegantulus [165 Gy] 13 (2011) Irradiation treatment for Euscepes postfasciatus [150 Gy] 14 (2011) Irradiation treatment for Ceratitis capitata [100 Gy] 19 (2015) Irradiation treatment for Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Planococcus lilacinus Food & Environmental and Planococcus minor Protection 22 [231 Gy]
Protection 23 Phytosanitary Standards FAO/IAEA Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs) The ISPM 28 irradiation treatments from CRP participants Most recent CRP D62008 Developing Generic Doses for Quarantine Treatments (2009 2014) Institutes from 15 different countries generated data on 38 different pest species. Over thirty manuscripts have been prepared and submitted for publication in a special issue of Florida Entomologist.
Protection 24 Phytosanitary Standards Approval of Irradiation Facilities Regional Standard Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission (APPPC) Submitted to IPPC Developed from a Regional IAEA Technical Cooperation Project http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3703e/i3707e.pdf
Protection 25 Support Manual of Good Practice in Food Irradiation http://www-pub.iaea.org/mtcd/publications/pdf/trs481web-98290059.pdf elearning course Register and access: http://bit.do/iaeafoodirradiation Dosimetry for Food Irradiation http://www-pub.iaea.org/mtcd/publications/pdf/trs409_scr.pdf Training - Hands On Workshop ebeam 17 22 April 2016 (IAEA Collaborating Centre) National Center for Electron Beam Research, Texas A&M University, College Station. http://ebeam-tamu.org/ebeam-workshop/
Summary 2 minute film (?) Food & Environmental Protection 26
Protection 27 Conclusions Lots of things are irradiated Although many radiation processing centres world wide, but few (< 20 facilities) irradiate as a phytosanitary treatment. International framework exists Phytosanitary irradiation and trade is supported by international standards, international agreements, national legislation and regulation. Increasing commercial trade Irradiation treatments for phytosanitary security are being used - fresh fruits and vegetables. Commercial trade volumes increasing but still early days. The time is right Potential for growth
Food Irradiation - Infographic Food & Environmental Protection 28
Protection 29 Thank You!! Email: c.blackburn@iaea.org Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria http://www-naweb.iaea.org/nafa/index.html
Protection 30 A Global Perspective Phytosanitary Irradiation Carl Blackburn c.blackburn@iaea.org Food and Environmental Protection Section Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture Sixth Annual Chapman Phytosanitary Forum Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA 23 24 March, 2016