Razieh Shahni a*, Mohammad Reza Shairi b, Mohammad Ali AsghariMoghaddam c, Maryam zarnaghash a

Similar documents
Gholam Hossein Javanmard a *

Separation Anxiety Inventory: Validity and Reliability Study

The role of emotional schema in prediction of pathological worry in Iranian students

Older P Pyshological Counseling and Guidance Needs Scale: Validity and reliability study

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 ( 2012 ) WCES 2012

The Validity And Reliability Of The Turkish Version Of The Perception Of False Self Scale

The Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Integrative Self-knowledge Scale

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 84 ( 2013 )

Ionut Corlaci a. 3rd World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance (WCPCG-2012) Study on the Implications of Attention in Gymnastics

Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery: Body Image, Self Esteem and Conformity

Student Cynicism: an Initial Italian Validation of C.A.T.C.S. (Cynical Attitudes Toward College Scale)

The effectiveness of anger management skills training on reduction of aggression in adolescents

The Stress Coping Strategies and Depressive Symptoms in International Students

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 30 (2011) WCPCG-2011

Study on Characteristics of Patients with Suicide Attempt, Nearlethal Harm and Deliberate Suicide

Barbara Craciun a * 1. Introduction

The economic crisis impact on coping styles, mental and physical health and performances in a financial company from Romania

Study of Meditational Role of Self-Esteem in the Relationship Between Perfectionism and Competitive Anxiety Elite Athletes

Leili Hosseini a**, Homayoun Khazali b

Mihaela Cozma a *, Daniel Dejica-Cartis b

Examining of adaptability of academic optimism scale into Turkish language

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 30 (2011) WCPCG-2011

Self-esteem in Iranian university students and its relationship with academic achievement

Relation between emotional intelligence and quality of attachment in high school administrators

Anxiety: Trait/Sate, Sensation Seeking and Marital Satisfaction in Married Women

Psychometric Properties of Farsi Version State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (FSTAXI-2)

The Relationship between Self-Belief, Belief in Continuity, Self-Blame, Stability, Mysterious Pain and Intensity of Chronic Pain Disorder

Investigation of the Effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Chronic Pain in the Elderly

Gholam Hossein Javanmard a*, Rogayeh Mohammadi Garegozlo b

The effect of little bird program in decreasing problem behaviors of autistic children

J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(2) , , TextRoad Publication

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 116 ( 2014 ) Andrius Brusokas, Romualdas Malinauskas*

International Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain prevention. Volume 1, Number 3, Summer 2016

Symptoms of Cluster B Personality Disorders in Iranian Females Wearing Thick Makeup: A case-control Study

The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Marital Adjustment Among Female Teachers in Tehran F. Jafar Yazdi, MS.c *,M. Golzary, Ph.D. Marita

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 30 (2011) WCPCG-2011

An in-depth analysis of the relationship between age and attribution in EFL contexts

Are dimensions of psycho-social well-being different among Latvian and Romanian University students?

Standardization Of GHQ-28 Inventory On The Students Of Azerbaijan Province Of Iran

Intercultural differences in frustration intolerance

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 ( 2014 ) ERPA 2014

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 140 ( 2014 ) PSYSOC 2013

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 205 ( 2015 ) th World conference on Psychology Counseling and Guidance, May 2015

On the relationship between test anxiety and academic performance

Coping responses as predictors of psychosocial functioning amongst individuals suffering from chronic pain

The relationship between locus of control (internal external) and happiness in pre-elementary teachers in Iran

The effects of demographic variables on students responsible environmental behaviors

Social Identity and gender. Counseling needs in adults

3rd World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance (WCPCG-2012)

Investigating elementary school administrators and teachers perceptions on children with autism

The pretest-posttest design and measurement of outward-bound-type program effects on personal development

Group Counseling Interventions for Premenstrual Syndrome

The needs of iranian families of children with autism spectrum disorder, cross-cultural study

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Pilates Principles - Psychological Resources for Efficiency Increase of Fitness Programs for Adults

Pinar Dursun a *, Esin Tezer b

Validation of Coping Styles and Emotions Undergraduate Inventory on Romanian Psychology Students

Vitanya Vanno *, Wannee Kaemkate, Suwimon Wongwanich

BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT OF PAIN MEDICAL STABILITY QUICK SCREEN. Test Manual

Comparison between high school students in cognitive and affective coping Strategies

PSIWORLD Steliana Rizeanu * Hyperion University, Department of Psychology, Calea Calarasilor 169, Bucharest, Romania

Mahbobeh Chinaveh* Department of Psychology, Arsenjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran

Assessment of sexual function by DSFI among the Iranian married individuals

Western University,,Vasile Goldis of Arad

The relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 159 ( 2014 ) WCPCG 2014

Seyedeh Zahra Alavi a, *, Forogh Amin b, Azar Pakdaman Savoji c

1. Introduction. Available online at Abstract

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 ( 2014 ) ERPA 2014

Anti-fat prejudice and stereotypes in psychology university students

Perspectives of Faculty of Education Students on Autism Spectrum Disorders in North Cyprus

Investigation of verbal memory and visual perception differences in university students with different personality types

Creating and Validating the Adjustment Inventory for the Students of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz

Changes in Beliefs, Catastrophizing, and Coping Are Associated With Improvement in Multidisciplinary Pain Treatment

Big five personality traits and coping styles predict subjective wellbeing: A study with a Turkish Sample

The Study of Relationship between Coping with Pain Experiences (Migraines) and Happiness

The Relationship Between Obesity and Depression

Heart rate variability (HRV) of male subjects related to oral reports of affective pictures

Resilience to Stress Evidence-Based Improvements in Integrative Psychotherapy Working Groups

The role of Meta-cognitive beliefs on substance dependency

Abbas Shokri a *, Ali Akbar Khosravi b, Haidar Ali Hooman a

Pain Management: More than Just a Pill

Pain Management: More than Just a Pill

The Relationship between Intrinsic Motivation and Happiness with Academic Achievement in High School Students

Pain in the Context of Family: A Study on Factors Contributing to Marital Satisfaction among Couples Suffering from Chronic Pain

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 193 ( 2015 ) th Oxford Dysfluency Conference, ODC 2014, July, 2014, Oxford, United Kingdom

The Effectiveness of Aggression Control Skill Training in Male Students Aggression

Antecedents of baccalaureate exam anxiety: testing a model of structural links by path analysis

Introduction. Abodulaziz Aflakseir 1*, Azam Farmani 2

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 187 ( 2015 ) PSIWORLD 2014

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 191 ( 2015 ) WCES 2014

Abstract. Sakineh Salamat (1) Ahad Ahangar (2) Robab Farajzadeh (3)

Spiritual well-being and mental health in university students

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 30 (2011) WCPCG-2011

Help-seeking behaviour for emotional or behavioural problems. among Australian adolescents: the role of socio-demographic

DEPARTMENT <EXPERIMENTAL-CLINICAL AND HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY... > RESEARCH GROUP <.GHPLAB.. > PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION. Geert Crombez

The effects of self-care training on quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis

Efficacy of life skills training on increase of mental health and self esteem of the students

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 116 ( 2014 )

INVESTIGATION THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATTACHMENT STYLE AND SELF-ESTEEM WITH MARITAL SATISFACTION IN COUPLES OF HORMOZGAN UNIVERSITY

Transcription:

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Scienc es 84 ( 2013 ) 225 229 3rd World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance (WCPCG-2012) Appointment the Effectiveness of Cognitive-behavioral Treatment of Pain on Increasing of Self-efficacy in Patients with Chronic Pain Razieh Shahni a*, Mohammad Reza Shairi b, Mohammad Ali AsghariMoghaddam c, Maryam zarnaghash a a PHD Student in Psychology, Chamran University, Iran b PHD in Psychology, Shahed Universitys, Iran c PHD in Clinical Psychology, Shahed University, Iran Abstract From the beginning of history, the attempt for controlling pain has been one of the goals for humanity. This study has been performed in order to determine the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral treatment in addition of self-efficacy in patients with chronic pain. After selecting 12 eligible people for the test, the subjects are divided randomly into two groups including, cognitivebehavioral pain therapy group and the control group (6 persons per each group). Then, the difference of pre-test and post-test results was compared by the statistical models. The obtained results showed in general that in comparison with the control group, cognitive-behavioral therapy led to increase self-efficacy. 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection 2013 and Published peer-review by under Elsevier responsibility Ltd. Selection of Prof. Dr. and Huseyin peer Uzunboylu review under & Dr. Mukaddes the responsibility Demirok, Near of East Dr. University, Melehat Cyprus Halat Keywords: Chronic Pain, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy of Pain, Self-Efficacy; 1. Introduction Chronic pain is a weakening situation which not only suffers the patients, but also causes psychological pressures which affect other aspects of their life (Turk and Gatchel, 2002). When a pain is lasting more than exception, it is called chronic. It should be considered that based on the treatments a chronic pain may last from 3 months to 30 years (Nicholas, Molloy, Tonkin & Beeston, 2006). Previous studies in the past 40 years support this idea that chronic pain is a complex of psychological, social and biological problems. This multi factorial model is a substitution for the simple model which considers the pain as an absolute physical problem. In this model, social and psychological factors are indirectly related to pain feeling. As the pain become chronic, social and psychological factors also become more important than biological factors (Turk and Okifuji, 2002; Turk, Okifuji, Sinclair & Stan, 1996) a biologic discomfort. Demoralization, emotional disorders, chronic thinking to pain, individual, social and professional activities limitation, increasing drug consumption, frequent visits to health organizations are all related to Chronic pain (Parsons, 1995). It should be noted that chronic pain also affects self-efficacy of the patients. Self- Corresponding author name: * Razieh Shahni. Tel.: +98-9133030218; fax: +98-3342578812 E-mail address: razi_sh_1983@yahoo.com 1877-0428 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Huseyin Uzunboylu & Dr. Mukaddes Demirok, Near East University, Cyprus doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.539

226 Razieh Shahni et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 84 ( 2013 ) 225 229 efficacy is closely related to control of Disturbing stimuli. Self efficacy is an individual opinion about the ability to do required behaviors to achieve a specific goal in a given situation. According to the previous reports, this item is a critical intermediate in treatment approaches (Nicholas, 2007). American psychological association has introduced chronic pain treatment to the 25 scopes which psychology science usefulness is supported clinically and experimentally. Cognitive-behavioral model of pain has had the more acceptable concepts for pains which guide many researchers to distinguish chronic and acute pains (Turk and Gatchel, 2002). even if no cure exist for the chronic pain, treatment of the resulted problems will decrease total pain effects on the (Nicholas et al, 2006). In order to improve self-efficacy and pain severity in patients suffering from chronic pain, the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral model is investigated in this article. 2. Methods 2.1. Participants Statistical populations for this project include all patients suffering from chronic pain which have study criteria and referred to Tehran clinics in 2010. 12 patients who had the study criteria voluntarily participated in this project. Study criteria were: 18-65 years old age, education degree upper than elementary school, chronic pain which was started 6 months ago and continues pain in the last 3 months daily or almost daily, using drug therapy as the only treatment protocol, no severe psychological disorders like Alzheimer or schizophrenia. Based on these criteria 12 patients were selected voluntarily and randomly divided into two groups. 2.2. Measures 2.2.1. Graded Pain Questionnaire Demographic information collection and diagnosis of chronic pain was done by Graded Pain Questionnaire composed of 42 questions (Asghari, 1997). 2.2.2. Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, compromised of 10 statements, was used to assess pati self-confidence to do team works and routine daily activities without considering their pain. Each statement is scored based on a 7 point Likert was in the range of 0-60 and more secure means more selfefficacy. Reliability and validity of this scale among patients with chronic pain has been confirmed. Factor analysis results also showed that pain self-efficacy questionnaire was saturated from one factor (Asghari and Nicholas, 2009). 2.2.3. Multidimensional Pain Inventory Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) has been designed based on the pain cognitive-behavioral theory by Kerns et al (1985). Reliability and validity of MPI have been confirmed among 120 patients suffering from chronic pain. Th assessment for pain severity, daily life disturbance, and life control, supportive and emotional disorders which are expressed by 5 subscales. The second part is about family and relatives' this part, patient scores her/his family reactions to her/his disease as three subscales: negative reaction, efforts to deviate others attention from pain and showing sympathy. The third part is composed of 18 statements and is assessed through 4 subscales including patients housekeeping activities, house equipment repair and maintenance, social activities and out house activities. In the present article e in the pain severity (three statements) was used.

Razieh Shahni et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 84 ( 2013 ) 225 229 227 2.3. Treatment structure ADAPT treatment pattern was used in this article. This method helps patients to cope with pain related problems. ADAPT method was designed based on the project that Nicholas et al started at 1988 in Sent Thomas Hospital. Chronic pain cognitive-behavioral he/she believes that many of his/her problems are uncontrollable. So the first goal in this approach is to change this opinion and then learning skills to patients in order to cope his/her present problems and those which may happen in the future. This approach obviously tries to help patients in the way of knowing and changing beliefs, understandings and non-adaptive or non-beneficial coping strategies which are the causes of chronic pain suffering patients problems (Turk and Gatchel, 2002; Turk et al, 1983). This project treatment protocol which was designed based on the ADAPT, consisted of 8 treatment session each lasted 120 minutes with 15 minutes break in each session (Nicholas et al, 2006). 2.4. Procedure and data analysis Present study follows a pseudo-experimental model with pretest-posttest and control group. After doing relative pretests, samples became ready; samples in the test group were randomly substituted with control group samples. After that members of treatment group were individually treated by treating interventions. After finishing treatment sessions, posttest was taken for two groups. Finally pre/post test results were compared using SPSS and parametric and non-parametric statistic tests. 3. Results 3.1. Descriptive results Descriptive indexes of samples demographic are shown in table 1 for both experimental and control groups. Table1, frequency (percent ) of demographic characteristic in experimental and control groups group Frequency (percent) group Frequency (percent) Education BSc Associate Degree Diploma Job Employed Housekeeper 4(66.66) Marital Unmarried Married Divorced 6(100) Main pain region Head Neck Chest Back Hand Leg In the table 2, descriptive statistic of study variables in each control and experiment groups are shown. Study variables descriptive results showed that the mean scores for self-efficacy and pain severity before starting this clinical trial between experiment and control groups were not significantly different. In addition, calculated Z

228 Razieh Shahni et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 84 ( 2013 ) 225 229 score for comparison of the pretest scores between the control and the experiment groups was not significant based on the critical values and U-Mann Whitney test. Table2. Descriptive indexes of test and control groups at pre and posttest stages Self-efficacy Pretest ( SD) Posttest ( SD) Z score -0.42 Significant level 0.69 Pain severity 0.16 0.94 3.2. Treatment Results Table 3 shows the difference between pretest and posttest results in control and experimental groups as well as U-Mann Whitney test results based on the comparison of mean difference of test variables between control and experiment groups. Table3. Scores by subtracting pretest-posttest ( Scores by subtracting pretest - posttest Z score Significant level Self-efficacy - -2.62 0.009 Pain severity - -1.92 0.065 As is shown in table 3, Z-score calculated from U-Mann Whitney test for self-efficacy comparison between control and experimental group is -2.62 which is significant. So it can be concluded that cognitive-behavioral model has significantly increased self-efficacy score in test groups. It is noticeable that Z-score for pain severity was -1.92 which was not significant means that cognitive-behavioral model could not significantly reduce pain in comparison to control group. 4. Discussion Our results showed that cognitive-behavioral model can significantly increase self-efficacy of patients suffering from chronic pains. This result confirms previous reports on behavioral-cognitive model efficacy Tatrowand Montgomery, 2006; Naseri, 2004; PoshtMashhadi, YekeYazdandoost and Asgharnezhad, 2003; McCracken et al, 2002; Guzman, Esmail, Karjalainen & et al, 2001; PooladiReyshahri, Najariyan, shokrkon and Mehrabizadeh, 2001). More specifically, our results agree with previous studies about ADAPT program efficacy. Previous reports showed that patients who attended in ADAPT program, compared to those who were just treated by routine therapies, experienced moral and confidence improvement as well as increase activity levels. Although no reduction in pain severity was reported, ADAPT attendant patients showed better pain adaptation and totally better performance in daily life (Flor, Turk & Birbaumer, 1992). Coordination of our results with previous reports can be explained based on the mechanism of behavioral and cognitive model. In this way, cognitive variables which act as Intermediates between the treatment and outcome of treatment are considered very significant. Reviewing of what was educated in therapy classes shows that selfefficacy improvement, how to challenge with non-benefit understandings about pain controlling, talking about useful and useless pain controlling methods and problem solving skills were the main discussed issues. It is obvious that these items develop cognitive changes and improve self-efficacy in patients. Many studies support the effective role of self-efficacy for better adaptation to chronic pains (for example: Asghari and Nicholas, 2009; Nicholas,

Razieh Shahni et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 84 ( 2013 ) 225 229 229 2007; Asghari and Nicholas, 2001). At the other hand reviewing the treatment session content relieve that development of behavioral changes is one of the most important goals of cognitive-behavioral interventions in this program. Behavioral goals adjustment, small goals development, muscle relaxation method, break severe pain-long rest cycle and recommending to do muscle tension. It seems that this behavioral method can improve self-efficacy through developing positive feelings. Based on our results, the hypothesis of reducing pain severity after cognitive-behavioral treatment was rejected which is confirmed by some studies (Leibing et al, 1999) and rejected by some other studies (Tatrow and Montgomery, 2006; Morley et al, 1999). Maybe the few numbers of treatment sessions in this study can explain these results. But it is important to consider that based on the ADAPT program pain reduction is not a treatment goal. Performance recovery, moral improvement, reducing physical disabilities and self-efficacy improvement are more expected by this method (Flor, Turk & Birbaumer, 1992). The main expectation of the cognitive-behavioral treatment plan (ADAPT) was improvement of self-efficacy and substitute behaviors in order to reduce negative emotions in chronic pain suffering patients. Therefore, reducing the pain severity was not the treatment goal and results paradoxes can be explained in this way. Finally, it should be noted that this article emerged from a limited project. Planning project with higher sample size and study variables reviewing can improve extrapolation of results. References Asghari, A. & Nicholas, M. K. (2001). Pain self-efficacy beliefs and pain behaviour: A Prospective Study. Pain, 94: 85-100. Asghari, A. & Nicholas, M. K. (2009). An investigation of pain self-efficacy beliefs in iranian chronic pain patients: A preliminary validation of a translated english-language scale. Pain Medicine, 10: 619-632. Flor, H.; Turk, D. C. & Birbaumer, N. (1992). Assessment of stress-related psychophysiological responses in chronic pain patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35: 354-364. Guzman, J.; Esmail, R.; Karjalainen, K. & et al. (2001). Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: Systematic Review, 322: 1511-1516. Kerns, R. D.; Rosenberg, R. & Jacob, M. C. (1985). Anger expression and chronic pain. J. Behav. Med., 17: 57-67. Leibing, E. & et al. (1999).Cognitive-behavioral treatment in unselected chronic pain outpatients. Pain, 15: 58-66. McCracken, L. M. & et al. (2002).Multimethod assessment of treatment process in chronic low back pain: Comparison of reported pain-related anxiety with directly measured physical capacity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40: 585-594. Morley, S. & et al. (1999). Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive-behavior therapy and behavior therapy for chronic pain in adults. Pain, 80: 1-13. Naseri, Mohsen. (2004). Investigation about Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on reducing depression, pain perception and pain disability in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical psychology MSc thesis. Tehran University of Social Welfare. Nicholas, M. K. (2007). The pain self-efficacy questionnaire: taking pain into account. Eur Journal Pain, 11: 153-16. Nicholas, M. K.; Molloy, A.; Tonkin, L. & Beeston, L. (2006). Manage Your Pain: Practical and Positive Ways of Adapting to Chronic Pain. Sydney, ABC Books. Parsons, T. (1995). Definitions of health and illness in the light of American values and social structure. In E. G. Jaco (Ed.), Patients, physicians, and illness. New York, Free Press: 3-29. PooladiReyshahri, Allahkaram.; Najariyan, Bahman.; Shokrkon, Hossein & Mehrabizadeh, Mahnaz. (2001). Effectiveness of cognitive therapy techniques, Relaxation and behavioral improvement in chronic low back pain in high school male teachers in Ahwaz, Journal of Educational Sciences and Psychology: 1-2: 49-72. PoshtMashhadi, Marjan.; YekeYazdandoost, Rokhsareh & Asgharnezhad, Farid. (2003). Effectiveness of cognitive - behavioral therapy on perfectionism, approval-seeking and depressive symptoms in patients with pain disorder.journal of Thought and Behavior. 9:22-32. Tatrow, K. & Montgomery, G. (2006). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Techniques for distress and pain in breast cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Journal of Bahavioral Medicine, 29: 34-45. Turk, Dennis C.; Gatchel, Robert J. Press.A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc.72 Spring Street, New York. Turk, D. C.; Meichenbaum, D. & Genest, M. (1983). Pain and behavioral medicine: A cognitive.behavioral perspective. New York: Guilford Press. Turk, D. C.; Okifuji, A.; Sinclair, JD. & Stan, TW. (1996). Pain, disability and physical functioning in subgroups of fibromyalgia patients. Journal of Rheumatology, 23: 1255-1262. Turk, D. C. & Okifuji, A. (2002). Psychological Factors in Chronic Pain: Evolution and Revolution. Journal Consult Clinical Psychology, 70(3): 678-690.