Epidemiology of Injury in Adventure and Extreme Sports

Epidemiology of Injury in Adventure and Extreme Sports

Medicine and Sport Science Vol. 58 Series Editors J. Borms Brussels M. Hebbelinck Brussels A.P. Hills Brisbane T. Noakes Cape Town

Epidemiology of Injury in Adventure and Extreme Sports Volume Editors Travis W. Heggie Bowling Green, Ohio Dennis J. Caine Grand Forks, N. Dak. 18 figures and 46 tables, 2012 Basel Freiburg Paris London New York New Delhi Bangkok Beijing Tokyo Kuala Lumpur Singapore Sydney

Medicine and Sport Science Founded 1968 by E. Jokl, Lexington, Ky. Travis W. Heggie, PhD Division of Sport Management Recreation and Tourism Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, OH 43403 (USA) Dennis J. Caine, PhD Department of Physical Education Exercise Science and Wellness Hyslop Sports Center University of North Dakota Grand Forks, ND 58202-8235 (USA) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Epidemiology of injury in adventure and extreme sports / volume editors, Travis W. Heggie, Dennis J. Caine. p. ; cm. -- (Medicine and sport science, ISSN 0254-5020 ; v. 58) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-318-02164-6 (hard cover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-3-318-02165-3 (e-isbn) I. Heggie, Travis W. II. Caine, Dennis John, 1949- III. Series: Medicine and sport science ; v. 58. 0254-5020 [DNLM: 1. Athletic Injuries--epidemiology. 2. Sports. W1 ME649Q v.58 2012 / QT 261] 617.1'027--dc23 2012018992 Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents. Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Copyright 2012 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH 4009 Basel (Switzerland) www.karger.com Printed in Switzerland on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706) by Kraft Druck GmbH, Ettlingen ISSN 0254 5020 e-issn 1662 2812 ISBN 978 3 318 02164 6 e-isbn 978 3 318 02165 3

Section Title Contents Introduction 1 The Epidemiology of Injury in Adventure and Extreme Sports Caine, D.J. (Grand Forks, N. Dak.) Back Country and Mountain Sports 17 The Epidemiology of Injury in Mountaineering, Rock and Ice Climbing Schöffl, V. (Bamberg/Erlangen-Nuremberg/ Turin/Berne); Morrison, A. (Berne); Schöffl, I. (Bamberg); Küpper, T. (Berne/Aachen) 44 The Epidemiology of Injury in Hang-Gliding and Paragliding Rekand, T. (Bergen) Ocean and Freshwater Sports 57 The Epidemiology of Injury in Scuba Diving Buzzacott, P.L. (Crawley, W.A.) 80 The Epidemiology of Injury among Surfers, Kite Surfers and Personal Watercraft Riders: Wind and Waves Pikora, T.J.; Braham, R.; Mills, C. (Crawley, W.A.) 98 The Epidemiology of Injury in Canoeing, Kayaking and Rafting Franklin, R.C. (Townsville, Qld./Broadway, N.S.W.); Leggat, P.A. (Townsville, Qld./ Johannesburg) Terrain-Based Sports 112 The Epidemiology of Injury in Bungee Jumping, BASE Jumping, and Skydiving Søreide, K. (Stavanger) 130 The Epidemiology of Extreme Hiking Injuries in Volcanic Environments Heggie, T.W. (Bowling Green, Ohio/Townsville, Qld.); Heggie, T.M. (Bowling Green, Ohio) 142 The Epidemiology of Injury in Skateboarding Hunter, J. (Manchester) 158 The Epidemiology of Injury in ATV and Motocross Sports Larson, A.N.; McIntosh, A.L. (Rochester, Minn.) 173 Author Index 174 Subject Index V