AHA 2008 Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease Slide Set Based on the AHA 2008 Scientific Statement Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease Virend K. Somers, MD, DPhil, FAHA, FACC Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation Rochester, MN
Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research, in collaboration with the American College of Cardiology and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Center on Sleep Disorders Research Writing Committee Members Virend K. Somers, MD, DPhil, FAHA, Chair David White, MD, Co-Chair Raouf Amin, MD, Co-Chair William T. Abraham, MD, FAHA Fernando Costa, MD, FAHA Antonio Culebras, MD, FAHA Steven Daniels, MD, PhD, FAHA John Floras, MD, DPhil, FAHA Carl E. Hunt, MD Lyle Olson, MD Thomas G. Pickering, MD, DPhil, FAHA Richard Russell, MD, FAHA Mary Woo, RN, PhD, FAHA Terry Young, PhD
This slide set was adapted from the AHA 2008 Scientific Statement on Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease Circulation June 17, 2008
Sleep Apnea Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) repetitive interruption of ventilation during sleep caused by collapse of the pharyngeal airway Central sleep apnea (CSA) repetitive cessation of ventilation during sleep resulting from loss of ventilatory drive
Partial and Complete Airway Obstruction Resulting in Hypopnea and Apnea Figure 1. CP1203339B-4 (From Comprehensive Hypertension )
Definitions Apnea cessation of airflow for >10 secs Hypopnea Reduction in airflow to <50%, with desaturation and/or arousal Apnea Hypopnea Index number of apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep
Prevalence - OSA OSA is more common in men than women It affects an estimated 15 million adult Americans Approximately 1 in 5 adults has at least mild OSA and 1 in 15 has moderate to severe OSA OSA is more common in obese subjects Prevalence of OSA may also be increased 2- to 3-fold in patients with cardiovascular disease Prevalence of cardiovascular disease is higher in patients with OSA
OSA Signs, Symptoms, and Risk Factors Disruptive snoring Witnessed apnea or gasping Obesity and/or enlarged neck size Hypersomnolence (less common in children and heart failure) Other male gender, crowded oropharyngeal airway, increased BP, morning headache, sexual dysfunction, behavioral changes esp in children
OSA Screening and Diagnostic Tests Questionnaires Holter monitoring Overnight oximetry Home based/unattended overnight polysomnography In-hospital attended overnight polysomnography
OSA Treatment Options Positional therapy Weight loss Avoidance of alcohol and sedatives Positive airway pressure Oral appliances Surgery Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty Tonsillectomy Tracheostomy
Schematic proposing pathophysiological components of OSA, activation of CV disease mechanisms, and associated CV disease conditions Hypoxemia Reoxygenation Hypercapnia OSA Intrathoracic pressure Arousals Sleep deprivation Sympathetic Activation Metabolic dysregulation Left atrial enlargement Disease Mechanisms Endothelial dysfunction Systemic inflammation Hypercoagulability Systemic Pulmonary Hypertension Heart Failure Associated CV Disease Renal disease Stroke Arrhythmias Myocardial infarction Sudden cardiac death
OSA and Cardiovascular Disease OSA has been linked to hypertension, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, stroke, myocardial infarction and nocturnal sudden death Longitudinal data confirm a likely etiologic role in hypertension For other diseases, evidence of etiologic role of OSA remains circumstantial CPAP or other treatment of OSA lowers BP modestly Very limited randomized controlled data of treating OSA in other CV diseases
OSA in Children Frequently due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy Adenotonsillectomy often an effective treatment Modest but increasing role for obesity After adenotonsillectomy,, recurrence of OSA was predicted by race, BMI, and rapidity of increase of BMI
OSA and Cardiovascular Disease in Children Limited data available Associated with systemic hypertension Some studies suggest more severe OSA may be linked to changes in left ventricular structure and function Case series and anecdotal reports suggest a possible association with pulmonary hypertension
Prevalence - CSA CSA is more common in men than women CSA prevalence increases with age Southern PA cohort study suggests CSA at a severity of 20 or more apneas per hour may be present in approx 5% of men older than 65 Prevalence of CSA is increased in heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, and stroke
Schematic proposing mechanisms underlying development of CSA and possible feedback from CSA resulting in worsening of CHF (from Caples et al, J Appl Physiol 2005) Figure 2. Supine posture Circulatory Delay Heart Failure leptin Sympathetic activation cardiac filling pressure CO 2 sensitivity Upper Airway Edema and Narrowing Lung Congestion Adrenergic modulation of chemoreflex Altered Ventilatory Control (CSA)
CSA and Heart Failure CSA prevalence is increased in heart failure Causes of CSA are not well understood Presence of CSA in heart failure implies poor prognosis CANPAP study of CPAP treatment of CSA in heart failure showed no mortality reduction CPAP was only modestly effective in treating CSA Whether more effective and better tolerated therapy of CSA improves outcome in heart failure remains to be determined
CSA Signs, Symptoms, and Risk Factors Congestive heart failure Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Witnessed apnea Fatigue/hypersomnolence Other male gender, older age, mitral regurgitation, atrial fibrillation, central apnea when awake, periodic breathing during exercise, and hyperventilation with hypocapnia
CSA Screening and Diagnostic Tests Overnight oximetry Ambulatory (unattended) polysomnography In-hospital (attended) polysomnography
CSA - Treatment Options Optimize treatment of heart failure Positive airway pressure Supplemental oxygen
Sleep Apnea - Challenges Ahead Limited sleep medicine education in cardiovascular training programs Logistic and economic obstacles to widespread diagnosis and treatment of sleep apnea Co-morbidities such as obesity that obscure a clear understanding of any independent cardiovascular consequence of OSA per se Treatment options that are varied, predominantly device based and not always easily tolerated, particularly in patients with CSA Lack of robust randomized controlled studies of cardiovascular outcomes with treatment of sleep apnea
Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease The full-text guideline is also available on the American Heart Association Web site: www.americanheart.org