Verbal Tense Usage in English for AWP Present tenses vs Past tenses EXERCISE 1 Complete the following passages with the appropriate form of simple present, present continuous, simple past or present perfect, sometimes in their passive voice: Ebola Virus The death of an international traveler diagnosed in the US as having the Ebola virus disease (EVD), (1. to couple) with the precautionary measure by Spanish health officials to euthanize the dog of an exposed healthcare worker, (2. to raise) questions and concerns among veterinarians and the public alike: How will the US react if faced with an increased number of EVD patients? Is there any chance that what (3. to happen) in Spain could happen here? Is it even possible for dogs to get EVD or spread it to humans? We (4. to know) that you and your clients (5. to look) for answers, and we (6. to work) to get information for you. The AVMA (7. to collaborate) with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and USDA along with other agencies and experts and (8. to tap) into the broad expertise of our member veterinarians to develop information for our members and the public. We will strive to ensure that veterinarians (9. to have) a prominent voice as these issues (10. to be discussed) and (11. to be decided) in the United States. Ebola virus in animals At this time, the CDC (12. to state) that there (13. to be) no reports of dogs or cats becoming sick with Ebola or of being able to spread the virus to people or animals. Even in areas of Africa where Ebola (14. to be) present, there (15. to be) no reports of dogs or cats becoming sick with the virus. The chances of a dog being exposed to Ebola virus in the US (16. to be) very low. Exposure (17. to require) close contact with bodily fluids of a person with symptoms of Ebola infection. This is why it (18. to be) important for individuals symptomatic with the disease to avoid contact with animals and others to the extent possible. We (19. to not / yet / know) whether or not a pet s body or fur can transmit Ebola to people or other animals. Ebola virus in people Ebola (20. to be spread) through direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes in, for example, the eyes, nose, or mouth) with: blood or body fluids (e.g. urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, and semen) of a person who is sick with the virus; objects (like needles and syringes) that (21. to be contaminated) with the virus; infected fruit bats or nonhuman primates. Ebola (22. not / to be spread) through air, water, or food, with the 2016 Rosati F. and F. Vaccarelli 1
exception of handling or consuming infected bushmeat (food derived from wild animals, such as fruit bats and nonhuman primates). There (23. to be) no evidence that mosquitos or other insects (23. to transmit) Ebola virus, and only a few species of mammals (e.g. humans, nonhuman primates, and fruit bats) (24. to be noted) to be susceptible and capable of spreading the virus. Symptoms of Ebola in people may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days (average 8 to 10 days) after exposure and (25. to include) fever, severe headache, muscle pain, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and unexplained hemorrhage (bleeding or bruising). Avian influenza, sometimes avian flu, and commonly bird flu, (1. to refer) to influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds. Bird flu (2. to be) a phrase similar to swine flu, dog flu, horse flu, or human flu in that it (3. to refer) to an illness caused by any of many different strains of influenza viruses that (4. to adapt) to a specific host. All known viruses that cause influenza in birds (5. to belong) to the species influenza A virus. H5N1 (6. to evolve) into a flu virus strain that (7. to infect) more species than any previously known flu virus strain, (8. to be) deadlier than any previously known flu virus strain, and (9. to continue) to evolve becoming both more widespread and more deadly causing Robert G. Webster, a leading expert on avian flu, to publish an article titled The world is teetering on the edge of a pandemic that could kill a large fraction of the human population in American Scientist. He (10. to call) for adequate resources to fight what he (11. to see) as a major world threat to possibly billions of lives. Since the article was written, the world community (12. to spend) billions of dollars fighting this threat with limited success. Vaccines (13. to be formulated) against several of the avian H5N1 influenza varieties. Vaccination of poultry against the ongoing H5N1 epizootic is widespread in certain countries. Some vaccines also exist for use in humans, and others are in testing, but none (14. to be made) available to civilian populations, nor produced in quantities sufficient to protect more than a tiny fraction of the Earth's population in the event that an H5N1 pandemic breaks out. The World Health Organization (15. to compile) a list of known clinical trials of pandemic influenza prototype vaccines, including those against H5N1. Several domestic species (16. to be infected with) and (17. to show) symptoms of H5N1 viral infection including cats, dogs, ferrets, pigs, and birds. 2016 Rosati F. and F. Vaccarelli 2
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), widely referred to as "mad cow disease," (1. to be) a chronic degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of cattle. The disease (2. first / to be diagnosed) in 1986 in the United Kingdom. Since that time, it (3. to be found) in many European countries, and also in countries outside of Europe, including Japan, Canada, and the United States. To date, however, more than 95% of the total cases worldwide (4. to occur) in the United Kingdom. Diabetes mellitus, often simply referred to as diabetes, (1. to be) a condition in which a person/an animal (2. to have) a high blood sugar (glucose) level as a result of the body either not producing enough insulin, or because body cells do not properly responding to the insulin that is produced. All forms of diabetes have been treatable since insulin (3. to become) medically available in 1921, but a cure (4. to be) difficult. Rabies is a disease that (1. to cause) acute encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in warm-blooded animals. It (2. to be) zoonotic, most commonly by a bite from an infected animal but occasionally by other forms of contact. Because of its potentially violent nature, rabies (3. to be known) since 3500 B.C. Rabies (4. to be considered) a scourge for its prevalence in the 19th century. Fear of rabies related to methods of transmissions (5. to be) almost irrational; however, this (6. to give) Louis Pasteur ample opportunity to test post-exposure treatments from 1885. Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 September 28, 1895) (1. to be) a French chemist and microbiologist born in Dole. He (2. to be remembered) for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of disease. His discoveries (3. to reduce) mortality from puerperal fever, and he (4. to create) the first vaccine for rabies. His experiments (5. to support) the germ theory of disease. He (6. best / to be known) to the general public for inventing a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness, a process that came to be called pasteurization. He (7. to be regarded) as one of the three main founders of microbiology, together with Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch. Pasteur also 2016 Rosati F. and F. Vaccarelli 3
(8. to make) many discoveries in the field of chemistry, most notably the molecular basis for the asymmetry of certain crystals. Bluetongue disease or catarrhal fever (1. to be) a non-contagious, insectborne viral disease of ruminants, mainly sheep and less frequently of cattle, goats, buffalo, deer, dromedaries and antelope. It (2. to be caused) by the Bluetongue virus. Bluetongue virus (3. to cause) serious disease in livestock. Partly due to this, BTV (4. to be) in the forefront of molecular studies for last three decades and now (5. to represent) one of the best understood viruses at the molecular and structural levels. In modern molecular biology, the genome (1. to be) the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It (2. to be) encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome (3. to include) both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA. The term (4. to be) adapted in 1920 by Hans Winkler, Professor of Botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. 2016 Rosati F. and F. Vaccarelli 4
EXERCISE 2 Complete the following passages with the appropriate form of simple present, simple past or present perfect, sometimes in their passive voice: Cattle (1. to be) the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They (2. to be) a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and (3. most commonly / to be classified) collectively as Bos primigenius. Cattle (4. to be raised) as livestock for meat (beef and veal), as dairy animals for milk and other dairy products, and as draft animals (pulling carts, plows and the like). Other products (5. to include) leather and dung for manure or fuel. It (6. to be estimated) that there (7. to be) 1.3 billion cattle in the world today. In 2009, cattle (8. to become) the first livestock animal to have its genome mapped. In modern molecular biology, the genome (1. to be) the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It (2. to be encoded) either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome (3. to include) both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA. The term (4. to be adapted) in 1920 by Hans Winkler, Professor of Botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. Foot-and-mouth disease, FMD or hoof-and-mouth disease (Aphtae epizooticae), (1. to be) a highly contagious and sometimes fatal viral disease of clovenhoofed animals, including domestic animals such as cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs, as well as antelope, bison and other wild bovids, and deer. It (2. to be caused) by foot-and-mouth disease virus. The US (3. to have) 9 FMD outbreaks since 1870. The most devastating outbreak (4. to happen) in 1914. It (5. to originate) from Michigan but it (6. to be) its entry into the stockyards in Chicago that (7. to turn) it into an epizootic. 3,500 livestock herds (8. to be infected) across the US, totaling over 170,000 cattle, sheep and swine. A 1924 outbreak in California (9. to result) not only in the slaughter of 109,000 farm animals, but also 22,000 deer. The US (9. to see) its latest FMD outbreak in Montebello, Califo. 2016 Rosati F. and F. Vaccarelli 5