Module 1: Overview of the National Poultry Improvement Plan What You Will Learn in This Module: When you have completed this module, you should: know the basic concepts of the National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP) be aware of the relationship between the NPIP and the Indiana State Poultry Association (ISPA) understand NPIP participation requirements What Is the National Poultry Improvement Plan? The National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP) is a joint program between the poultry industry, and state and federal organizations. The NPIP is responsible for certifying that U.S. poultry and poultry products for interstate and international distribution are free of specific diseases. The NPIP sets standards that are used to evaluate the health of U.S. poultry breeding stock, hatchery, and poultry products. In this way, the NPIP strives to reduce or eliminate diseases that could be harmful to the poultry industry. Through voluntary participation in the NPIP, poultry owners can establish a record showing that they have tested their flocks according to NPIP standards. By demonstrating a history of negative test results or of proper responses to positive results, flock owners can achieve certification from the NPIP that their flocks are clean for a specific disease. The National Poultry Improvement Plan began in 1935 to control pullorum-typhoid disease. This serious and highly contagious infection, which is passed from hen to chick, can result in devastating and repeated losses for poultry flocks. Pullorum disease and typhoid disease are really two diseases, but they share such similar characteristics and symptoms that they are commonly referred to by a single name: pullorum-typhoid disease. Pullorum disease is caused by Salmonella pullorum bacteria, while typhoid disease is caused by Salmonella gallinarum bacteria. Through participation in the NPIP-led effort, commercial poultry owners have tested their flocks for pullorumtyphoid disease and eliminated carriers from their breeding stocks. This effort has been so successful that the NPIP has all but eliminated this costly disease from commercial breeding stocks. However, pullorum-typhoid testing needs to be continued due to continued exposure from imported birds and other sources. According to the World Animal Health Information Database, even though a country may be declared free of pullorum-typhoid, it may have birds that can still harbor this disease. The USDA has reported that pullorum disease has been reported in backyard flocks as recently as 2009. The mortality rate varies, but deaths from pollorum typhoid can reach as high as 100%. For this reason, it is important for backyard farmers to engage in disease prevention to ensure that pullorum-typhoid is eliminated. The NPIP began in response to pullorum-typhoid disease and still works to control it. Because of the program s effectiveness, the NPIP has expanded and now monitors other diseases as well, including Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma meleagridis, Salmonella enteritidis, and avian influenza.
The NPIP and the Indiana State Poultry Association As the marketplace for poultry grew in Indiana in the late 1800s, the Indiana State Poultry Association (ISPA) was developed through the efforts of poultry producers and the newly established Purdue University. The first association of Indiana poultry breeders was formed in 1875, when the Indiana Poultry Association gave a successful winter exhibition. The ISPA was incorporated in 1918. The ISPA and leaders from other states worked together to develop the National Poultry Improvement Program (NPIP) and other programs that standardized and improved poultry production. Indiana law established the Indiana State Poultry Association as the official state agency for the administration of the NPIP. The ISPA leads Indiana s efforts in cooperation with the federal government s USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Veterinary Services and the Indiana State Board of Animal Health. In other states, the official state agency may be a state department of agriculture, a state veterinary office, or another government agency or state association, but the NPIP Provisions are the same throughout the U.S. Today, the efforts of the ISPA are clearly visible. Nationally, Indiana ranks first in duck production, second in egg-type chicken hatching, third in table egg production, sixth in turkeys, as well has having millions of broilers produced annually. Support for the NPIP The NPIP is one of the most cost-effective disease control programs in the world. The efficiency of the program is remarkable in relation to the number of diseases that it controls nationwide. The commercial poultry industry absorbs the majority of the program s costs. Commercial operations as well as backyard farmers are vital to the success of eliminating these diseases. Key to the program s success, however, is YOU! The Administration of the NPIP The administration of the NPIP is through: an agreement between the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and official state agency in each participating state a signed agreement between the participant and the official state agency additional regulations established by a state that are compatible with the goals of the NPIP The USDA-APHIS is responsible for publishing the rules of the NPIP as part of the Code of Federal Regulations. Every two years proposed changes for the NPIP are requested. The proposed changes are distributed and then discussed at the NPIP Biennial Conference. During this meeting the changes are reviewed and voted on by delegates representing poultry producers, academia, and state and federal regulators.
Participation in the NPIP Any person producing or dealing in poultry products may participate in the NPIP when he or she has demonstrated, to the satisfaction of the Official State Agency, that his or her facilities, personnel, and practices are adequate for carrying out the applicable provisions of the NPIP. A participant must maintain all of his or her poultry hatching egg supply flocks and hatchery operations within a given state according to NPIP requirements. When a participant has flocks in one or more states, it is sometimes possible to reach a mutual understanding and agreement, in writing, between the participant s own Official State Agency and the counterpart agency in the other state(s). The only required classification for participation in the NPIP is U.S. Pullorum-Typhoid Clean. Participation in the plan entitles the participant to use the NPIP emblem reproduced here: Indiana's NPIP Blood-Testing Schools Only individuals that have successfully taken an Indiana Blood Testing School Class at Purdue SIPAC (Dubois) or on the main Purdue campus (West Lafayette) can take the on-line course. The on-line course is designed for re-certification of those who have already attended a class at one of the Purdue locations. For registration go to the ISPA s NPIP Blood Testing On-Line Registration Form under the Health/NPIP/Schools tab on the ISPA website. If you have not attended a school in the past, contact our office at ispa@purdue.edu or 765-494-8517 and ask to have your name added to the Blood Testing School list. Two blood testing schools will be held in April of each year. Check our website at INpoultry.org in late January for further information. The purpose of the Indiana NPIP Blood-Testing Certification is to provide Indiana lay blood-testers with: General poultry disease training e-mail updates on current disease status and issues education on basic biosecurity instructions on the use of the pullorum-typhoid plate test certification to ensure that testers meet the national standard Benefits of Participating in NPIP Individuals who are interested in having their flock certified in the NPIP program should link to the NPIP participation section of the website. The benefits of being a participating flock in Indiana s NPIP program are: Your flock will be recognized as a participating member of the NPIP. Your flock will be given an approval number that can be used on shipping labels, certificates, invoices, and other documents for identification purposes.
Your flock will be listed in the official USDA NPIP web-based Directory of Participants Handling Waterfowl, Exhibition Poultry, and Game Birds or the Directory of Participants Handling Egg-Type and Meat-Type Chickens and Turkeys. You will receive emergency disease management updates. Open shows as well as all Indiana 4-H shows require proof of disease free birds. The birds must be purchased from an NPIP certified hatchery or undergo PT blood testing before they are allowed to show. What Is Required? To participate as an exhibition flock in Indiana s NPIP program requires the following: An initial pullorum-typhoid blood test must be taken with samples from 10 percent of the flock (a minimum of 30 birds and a maximum of 300 birds) tested for pullorum-typhoid disease when the flock is 16 24 weeks of age. o For flocks of 30 birds or less test all birds in the flock. o For flocks of 31-300 birds test 30 birds in the flock o For flocks of 300 birds or more test 10% of the flock up to a maximum of 300 birds. The ratio of male to female birds in representative samples must be the same ratio of male to female birds in the flock. The initial blood test must be repeated annually. To participate in an Indiana exhibition, birds must: originate from an NPIP-certified U.S. Pullorum-Typhoid Clean flock OR have had a negative pullorum-typhoid test within 90 days preceding exhibition For Purposes of Exhibition: Poultry includes all chickens, turkeys and upland game birds going to an exhibition must be tested. Waterfowl, doves and pigeons do not need to be tested for exhibition. To ensure the continued privilege of exhibiting poultry, owners must work together in this effort to keep all birds healthy and clean. This is important because how owners care for their own flocks can affect other flocks as well.
Module 1 Quiz Question 1: What is the purpose of the NPIP? a. To guarantee all poultry will be disease-free and not have contact with other birds b. To certify that U.S. poultry and poultry products for interstate and international distribution are free of certain diseases c. To warn those who own pets to vaccinate for avail influenza on the chance of wildlife coming into contact with their pet d. To reduce or eliminate diseases that could be harmful to the poultry industry through a joint effort between the poultry producer and state and federal regulators e. Both b and d Question 2: Pullorum-typhoid disease can pass from the hen to the chick and cause devastating and repeated losses. True False Question 3: Diseases caused by which of the following microorganisms are monitored by the NPIP? a. Salmonella pullorum b. Mycoplasma synoviae c. Mycoplasma meleagridis d. Avian Influenza e. All of the above are monitored by the NPIP Question 4: The official state agency for the NPIP in Indiana is the: a. Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine b. Indiana State Board of Animal Health c. Indiana State Department of Agriculture d. Indiana State Poultry Association Question 5: To participate in an Indiana exhibition, a chicken must: a. Originate from a NPIP certified U.S. Pullorum-Typhoid Clean flock b. Have had a negative pullorum-typhoid test within 90 days preceding the exhibition c. Either a or b d. None of the above Go to Quiz Key, Module 1 Section