Supplementary Figure 1 Metabolic ER stress and inflammation in white adipose tissue (WAT) of mice with dietary obesity. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal chow (NC, 10% fat) or a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% fat) for 16 weeks, starting at 6 weeks of age (n=18 per group). (a) Body weight. (b) Body fat content. (c-f) Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and adipocytes were prepared from epididymal (ep) WAT. Total RNA was extracted for quantitative RT-PCR analysis. (c,d) Xbp1 mrna splicing and relative mrna abundance of the indicated UPR marker genes in SVF (c) and adipocytes (d). (e,f) Relative mrna abundance of the indicated proinflammatory genes in SVF (e) and adipocytes (f). (g,h) CD11b + cells were isolated by magnetic MicroBeads from SVF of epwat. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of Xbp1 mrna splicing and relative mrna abundance of the indicated UPR marker and RIDD target genes (g) along with proinflammatory genes (h). Data are shown as mean ± s.e.m., *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 by Student s t-test.
Supplementary Figure 2 Metabolic characterization of Ern1 f/f ; Lyz2-Cre mice. (a) Immunoblot analyses of IRE1 protein in the indicated tissues of male Ern1 f/f (f/f) and Ern1 f/f ; Lyz2-Cre (f/f:cre) mice. (b-l) Male Ern1 f/f ; Lyz2-Cre mice and age-matched Ern1 f/f littermates were fed an NC (n=8 per group) or HFD (n=10 per group) for 16 weeks, starting at 8 weeks of age. (b) Representative image of mice of the indicated genotype. (c) The tibia length of NC-fed mice. (d) Weight of epwat from NC-fed mice. (e) Body weight gain of HFD-fed mice. (f) Representative images and weight of the indicated WAT from HFD-fed mice. (g) Lean mass was determined for mice fed an NC or HFD. (h) Immunoblot analyses of phosphorylation of AKT (p-akt) at Ser473 in livers, muscle, and epwat of HFD-fed mice after they were injected intravenously with PBS (-) or insulin (2 U/kg). (i) Liver weight was measured for NC- and HFD-fed mice. (j) Averaged daily food intake of NC- and HFD-fed mice. (k) Fecal TG content from HFD-fed mice. (l) Locomotor activity measured over a 24-h period. Results are shown as mean ± s.e.m., *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001 by Student s t- test or two-way ANOVA.
Supplementary Figure 3 Analysis of ATMs in NC-fed mice and ER stress in WAT of HFD-fed mice. (a,b) SVFs of epwat were prepared from NC-fed male Ern1 f/f ; Lyz2-Cre mice (n=4 per group) and their Ern1 f/f littermates (n=3 per group) at 20 weeks of age. (a) Representative histograms of flow cytometry analysis of CD11b and F4/80 expression. Shown also are percentages of F4/80 + CD11b + cells. (b) Expression of CD206 in CD11b + cells. Amounts of CD11b + CD206 + cells are quantified and shown as relative mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). (c-f) Ern1 f/f ; Lyz2-Cre mice (n=10 per group) and age-matched Ern1 f/f littermates (n=8 per group) were fed an HFD for 16 weeks. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of exon 2-containing Ern1 mrna and Xbp1 mrna splicing, along with the abundance of the indicated UPR genes in SVF (c,e) or adipocytes (d,f) from epwat (c,d) and scwat (e,f). Results are presented as mean ± s.e.m., *P < 0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 by Student s t-test.
Supplementary Figure 4 Flow cytometry analysis of WAT macrophages and neutrophils. SVFs were prepared from epwat (a) and scwat (b) of Ern1 f/f or Ern1 f/f ; Lyz2-Cre mice following HFD feeding for 16 weeks (n=5 per group). CD11b + cells were isolated with magnetic MicroBeads and then subjected to flow cytometry. Shown are representative histograms and percentages of CD45 + CD11b + cells, which were further analyzed for percentages of F4/80 + CD11b + macrophages and Ly6G + CD11b + neutrophils.
Supplementary Figure 5 Analysis of IRE1 phosphorylation and UPR activation in LPS- or IL-4-stimulated BMDMs. BMDMs from mice of the indicated genotype were stimulated with 100 ng/ml LPS (a,b) or 20 ng/ml IL-4 (c,d) for the indicated times (3 and 4 independent experiments, respectively). (a,c) Phos-tag gel analysis of phosphorylation of IRE1. BMDMs treated with thapsigargin (Tg, 1 M) for 4 hours were used as a control. Shown are representative immunoblots with two different exposure times. (b,d) Quantification of eif2 phosphorylation and BiP protein expression from the immunoblots in Fig. 6a and 6d, respectively. Results are presented as mean ± s.e.m.
Supplementary Figure 6 Effects of IRE1 abrogation on the IL-4-induced transcriptome in BMDMs. BMDMs from Ern1 f/f or Ern1 f/f ; Lyz2-Cre mice were treated with IL-4 for 24 hours. Total cellular RNAs were subjected to RNA-seq analysis (2 independent experiments). (a) Heat maps showing IL-4 induction of differentially expressed genes. Pie charts indicate the percentage of IL-4-upregulated or -downregulated genes which are further enhanced, attenuated or unaltered by IRE1α ablation in the presence of IL-4 stimulation (Ern1 f/f ; Lyz2-Cre_Ern1 f/f ). Gene expression results were analyzed by two-tailed rank product non-parametric method. (b) Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) using the KEGG database (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/) with a nominal P-value < 0.05 and false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.25. Shown are heat maps for the indicated IL- 4-enhanced or -suppressed cellular function processes and signaling pathways, as aligned with those affected by IRE1α deficiency under stimulation by IL-4 (Ern1 f/f ; Lyz2-Cre_Ern1 f/f ). (c) Changes in the expression of genes encoding potential secretory proteins as a result of IRE1α deficiency. Shown are heat maps for IL-4-upregulated or -downregulated genes, as aligned with those altered in IRE1 -deficient BMDMs relative to control cells under IL-4 stimulation (Ern1 f/f ; Lyz2-Cre_Ern1 f/f ).
Supplementary Figure 7 Enforced expression of XBP1s has no effect on the mrna abundance of M2 polarization regulators. Mouse BMDMs were infected by control or XBP1s-expressing lentiviruses before treatment with veh. or IL-4 for 24 hours (4 independent experiments). Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the mrna abundance of the XBP1s target gene Erdj4 (a) and the indicated regulators of M2 polarization (b). Data are shown as mean ± s.e.m., **P < 0.01 by two-way ANOVA.
3 4 Supplementary Table 1. Oligonucleotide primers for quantitative RT-PCR analysis (related to Methods) Gene Forward primer (5-3 ) Reverse primer (5-3 ) 5 18s rrna AGGGGAGAGCGGGTAAGAG GGACAGGACTAGGCGGAACAACA Xbp1s CTGAGTCCGAATCAGGTGCAG GTCCATGGGAAGATGTTCTGG Nos2 ACATCGACCCGTCCACAGTAT CAGAGGGGTAGGCTTGTCTC Arg1 CTCCAAGCCAAAGTCCTTAGAG GGAGCTGTCATTAGGGACATCA Il10 GCTATGCTGCCTGCTCTTACT CCTGCTGATCCTCATGCCA Chi3l3 CAGGTCTGGCAATTCTTCTGAA GTCTTGCTCATGTGTGTAAGTGA Cox5a GGAAGACCCTAATCTAGTCCCG GTTGGGGCATCGCTGACTC Cox7a GCTCTGGTCCGGTCTTTTAGC GTACTGGGAGGTCATTGTCGG Cox8b TGTGGGGATCTCAGCCATAGT AGTGGGCTAAGACCCATCCTG Klf4 GGCGAGTCTGACATGGCTG GCTGGACGCAGTGTCTTCTC Hgnat CGGGCGGAGCCAGATTTAG GCTCGTCCCCAAGAGTTCAT Pmp22 CATCGCGGTGCTAGTGTTG GATCAGTCGTGTGTCCATTGC Mrc1 CTCTGTTCAGCTATTGGACGC TGGCACTCCCAAACATAATTTGA Tnfa GACGTGGAACTGGCAGAAGAG ACCGCCTGGAGTTCTGGAA Il1b GCAACTGTTCCTGAACTCAACT ATCTTTTGGGGTCCGTCAACT Ccl2 TTAAAAACCTGGATCGGAACCAA GCATTAGCTTCAGATTTACGGGT Bip ACTTGGGGACCACCTATTCCT ATCGCCAATCAGACGCTCC Chop CTGGAAGCCTGGTATGAGGAT CAGGGTCAAGAGTAGTGAAGGT Erdj4 ATAAAAGCCCTGATGCTGAAGC GCCATTGGTAAAAGCACTGTGT Retnla CCAATCCAGCTAACTATCCCTCC ACCCAGTAGCAGTCATCCCA Pgc1a TATGGAGTGACATAGAGTGTGCT CCACTTCAATCCACCCAGAAAG Irf4 TCCGACAGTGGTTGATCGAC CCTCACGATTGTAGTCCTGCTT Pparg GGAAGACCACTCGCATTCCTT GTAATCAGCAACCATTGGGTCA Ppard TCCATCGTCAACAAAGACGGG ACTTGGGCTCAATGATGTCAC Prdm16 CCAAGGCAAGGGCGAAGAA AGTCTGGTGGGATTGGAATGT Il6 CCACGGCCTTCCCTACTTC TTGGGAGTGGTATCCTCTGTGA Cd137 CCTTGCAGGTCCTTACCTTGT GTTGCTTGAATATGTGGGGGA Ear2 CCTGTAACCCCAGAACTCCA CAGATGAGCAAAGGTGCAAA Tmem26 TTCCTGTTGCATTCCCTGGTC GCCGGAGAAAGCCATTTGT Adgre1 ATGGACAAACCAACTTTCAAGGC GCAGACTGAGTTAGGACCACAA Atf4 CCTTCGACCAGTCGGGTTTG CTGTCCCGGAAAAGGCATCCA Ern1 CCTTGTTGTTTGTCTCGACCCT GCCTTCGTTGTTCTTGCCTC