Canker diseases of grapevine JANUARY 14, 2016 Doug Gubler, Plant Pathology
Grapevine canker pathogens Eutypa lata- Eutypa Dieback Botryosphaeria spp- Bot Canker Phomopsis viticola- Grapevine dead arm Phaeomoniella chlamydospora- Esca Phaeoacremonium aleohilum- Esca
Eutypa dieback Canker
Botryosphaeria Canker Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Botryosphaeria canker Bot Canker in California 1990 Botryodiplodia theobroma=botryosphaeria rhodina=lasiodiplodia theobromae. 9 other species found by 2005
Eutypa Disease Cycle Dead Wood/ Stroma Wind Rain Growth & Decay Pruning Wound
Fruiting bodies (Pycnidia) Spores (conidia) Old pruning wounds Pruned debris on the ground Late fall - winter Bot Canker Disease Cycle Yield losses / Death of the plant Blockage of vascular system
BOTRYOSPHAERIA PYCNIDIA FOUND IN CALIFORNIA GRAPEVINES. Pycnidia of Lasiodiplodia theobromae found in Coachella Valley grapevines.
7/9/07 12/9/07 19/9/07 25/9/07 1/10/07 8/10/07 15/10/07 23/10/07 30/10/07 7/11/07 20/11/07 27/11/07 5/12/07 13/12/07 20/12/07 28/12/07 7/1/08 14/1/08 22/1/08 29/1/08 4/2/08 11/2/08 18/2/08 25/2/08 3/3/08 11/3/08 17/3/08 Epidemiology of Botryosphaeriaceae spp. in California 24/3/08 31/3/08 7/4/08 15/4/08 21/4/08 28/4/08 5/5/08 13/5/08 20/5/08 27/5/08 2/6/08 9/6/08 16/6/08 23/6/08 30/6/08 7/7/08 15/7/08 22/7/08 29/7/08 4/8/08 11/8/08 18/8/08 26/8/08 1/9/08 9/9/08 15/9/08 23/9/08 30/9/08 7/10/08 14/10/08 21/10/08 28/10/08 3/11/07 10/11/08 17/11/08 25/11/08 1/12/08 9/12/08 16/12/08 23/12/08 30/12/08 6/1/09 13/1/09 20/1/09 27/1/09 3/2/09 10/2/09 18/2/09 24/2/09 28/2/09 4/3/09 10/3/09 17/3/09 25/3/09 1/4/09 7/4/09 15/4/09 22/4/09 1/5/09 7/5/09 15/5/09 22/5/09 Vaseline slides spore trapping results in Monterey County Bot spores Precipitation (mm) Temperature (C) 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Bot spores values = Total spores / 2 ml of H 2 O
Rainfall Sprinkler irrigation Fog
Esca Esca, Black Measles External symptoms Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Disease cycle of Esca (black measles) & Young Esca (Vine Decline) Perithecia in old pruning wounds or dead wood Fall Pycnidia overwinter on 3-5 year old Pruning wounds Ascospores are discharged during rainfall Winter Ascospores and pycnidial spores infect pruning wounds Teleomorph formation Pycnidium formation Insect dispersed? Pathogen colonizes the vascular system Foliar and berry symptoms Infection of vascular system leads to toxin production and symptom expression internally and foliage symptoms under water stress Summer Decline Spring
Overwintering of Black Measles pathogen: Pm. aleophilum
Number of colonies Temperature Cand precipitation (mm) Spore release of Pm. viticola MADERA 2003 50 P.viticola Precipitation (mm) Temperature ( C) 100 45 40 90 80 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. 0
Overwintering of black measles pathogen: Phaeomoniella pycnidia (Rooney and Gubler, 2001).
Phompsis cane and leaf spot/dead arm Fungus survives winter as pycnidia on previously infected spurs Spores released with rainfall in the spring Infect newly emerging green tissue (basal internodal) Control Spring applications of fungicides Sovran, Captan, Sulfur (10K/ha), Mancozeb Dormant LLS
Severely infected canes appear bleached in winter Phomopsis Botrytis Dormant infected spur position
Botrytis
Pycnidia of Phomopsis on infected tissue, cirrhus formation
Phomopsis infected shoots a scabby appearance
Overwintering inoculum Control using dormant sprays with directed nozzles No broadcast sprays
% of infected wounds % of infected wounds % of infected wounds % of infected wounds November Time Course Inoculation December 100 Lasiodiplodia theobromae Neofusicoccum parvum 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 12 d 24 d 36 d 48 d 60 d 72 d 84 d T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 11-04-08 11-16-08 11-28-08 12-10-08 12-22-08 1-02-09 1-14-09 1-26-09 January 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 February Lasiodiplodia theobromae Neofusicoccum parvum 12 d 24 d 36 d 48 d 60 d 72 d 84 d T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 12-10-08 12-22-08 1-02-09 1-14-09 1-26-09 2-07-09 2-19-09 3-03-09 March Lasiodiplodia theobromae Neofusicoccum parvum Lasiodiplodia theobromae Neofusicoccum parvum 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 12 d 24 d 36 d 48 d 60 d 72 d T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 1-02-09 1-14-09 1-26-09 2-07-09 2-19-09 3-03-09 3-15-09 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 12 d 12 d 24 d 36 d 0 0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 3-03-09 2-07-09 2-19-09 3-15-09 3-03-09 3-15-09
Necrosis lenght (mm) Necrosis Lenght (mm) Susceptiblity of wound age % of Recovery % of Recovery 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Lasiodiplodia theobromae a A b A b A Neofusicoccum parvum Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March a Lasiodiplodia theobromae 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Fungal species were not re-isolated 1 inch below end of necrosis c B c B Susceptibility of wound age-cabernet Sauvignon Neofusicoccum 2007-2008 parvum b C Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March b d C d D 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Lasiodiplodia theobromae Neofusicoccum parvum Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March 10-19-07 11-19-07 12-14-07 1-18-08 2-18-08 3-1-08 10-19-07 11-19-07 12-14-07 1-18-08 2-18-08 3-1-08 A a B a B C Lasiodiplodia theobromae Neofusicoccum parvum Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March 10-19-07 11-19-07 12-14-07 1-18-08 2-18-08 3-1-08 10-19-07 11-19-07 12-14-07 1-18-08 2-18-08 3-1-08
Pathogen Biology and Disease Epidemiology Disease is more severe when vines are water stressed Cane pruned vines generally have less disease Heavy disease one year will result in more disease the next year All produce fruiting bodies that overwinter on the vine or vine parts All canker pathogens release spores during rainfall Pruning wounds are the main infection ports
Cultural Control Cultural Retraining from cordon or trunk Late pruning Mid to late February-early March Wounds less susceptible Inoculum decreased Wound healing is faster Double pruning (Weber et al. 2007. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 58:61-66) First pruning done with tractor mounted rotary saw Second pruning done in late winter ( Feb-early March) Allows large acreage to be pruned late due to speed of second pruning Excellent efficiency & economics Should give at least 90-95% control
Control Double pruning or late pruning has been shown to be effective in significantly reducing infection by: Eutypa spp., Phaeo spp., and Botryosphaeriaceae spp. B-LOCK Vitiseal Spur Shield Currently Rally and Topsin M registered for tractor application Recommend Rally + Topsin in tank with non-ionic spreader i.e. Freeway/Pentra Bark Tank mix fights resistance development Application by machine is relatively fast and highly effective in control Topsin M and Rally have been shown to be a good pruning wound protectants against Botryosphaeriaceae, Eutypa lata (Diatrypaceous), Pal and Pc infection
Effective Products Against Canker Pathogens DMI s- some have activity against Eutypa (Rally, 2X) Benzimidazole- Excellent activity against all pathogens (Topsin M, 2X) B- excellent activity against Eutypa (B-LOCK, 1X) Vitiseal with or w/o Rally + Topsin M Paint 1X Spray (1: 9 dilution)1x Biological s- good activity if applied 2 weeks before infection (Trichoderma, Cladosporium) New product being tested
Vitiseal wet
Vitiseal dry
Fungicide Application
Take Home Prune late in winter Treat all pruning wounds before rain Use products shown to stop all pathogens as wound treatment Spraying results in better coverage than painting or dobbing Understand disease epidemiology Pathogens overwinter on infected grape wood Spores are released with rain, sprinkler irrigation or fog Naked fungicides last only about 2 weeks then reapply Fungicides in Vitiseal last 3 months (other paint? ) Spur Shield
Thank you
Safecoat VitiSeal Natural waterborne co-polymer emulsion with other NOP (National Organic Program) approved ingredients. It is marketed as a unique crop management tool that creates a protective resistant barrier against the typical point of entry for wood canker disease pathogens including Eutypa, Botryosphaeria and Phaeo group. VitiSeal is applied either through painting, daubing or spraying directly over pruning cuts onto vines, trunks, and tree bases. The proprietary formulation is water based, environmentally safe containing no hazardous materials or HAPs (hazardous air pollutants), has no re-entry wait restrictions after treatment, and has been proven effective through multiple years of university research center testing. California Certified Organic Farms has been approving materials request forms for VitiSeal use by organic and biodynamic growers.
False Phomopsis
False Phomopsis Cladosporium Alternaria
False Phomopsis
Control Fungicides Retraining Double Pruning Late Pruning 90-95% disease control
Control of canker diseases Chemistry Vitiseal Topsin M Rally Spur Shield Retraining Jim Kissler Bob Sisson Double Pruning (Late Pruning) 90-95% disease control