Outline for the Results of the National Health and Nutrition Survey Japan, 26 (extracts) Office for Life-style Related Diseases Control Health Service Bureau Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Tabulation and analysis) Project for the National Health and Nutrition Survey Nutritional Epidemiology Program National Institute of Health and Nutrition Prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases The estimated number of people suffered from diabetes mellitus is 18,7, (8,2, with a strong symptom of diabetes mellitus and 1,5, with a moderate symptom). The number of individuals with hypertension is about 39,7, and those at the upper threshold of the normal blood pressure is 15,2,, hence the total of 54,9,. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome Among the 4- to 74-year-olds, one of two men and one of five women were either strongly suspected to have metabolic syndrome or prodromal metabolic syndrome. The status of physical activity and exercise On the question concerning exercise, more then 3 of male d 2-39 years and over 7 and female d 15-29 years and over 7 years stated that they neither do exercise nor even think of starting it. Characteristics of dietary habit For the percent of those who skip breakfast, an increasing trend has been observed among both male and female. For the time for dinner, an increase trend was observed in the proportion of those who start dinner after 21: among both men and women d 2-6 years. 1
Current situation on the smoking habit The proportion of those who currently have smoking habit was highest among male d 3-39 years (53.3%), followed by those d 2-29 years (45.1%). As for female, the proportion was higher among those d 2-29 years (17.9%) than those d 3-39 years (16.4%). Figure 12-1. Distribution of smokers (adults d 2yrs) Figure 1-1. Distribution of smokers (adults d 2yrs) 38.7 5.3 32.7 31.9 28.9 39.2 51.7 6 4 2 21.4 39.9 45.1 4.7 14. 53.3 21.6 24.9 46.5 46.2 26. 34.8 28.4 19.9 All 2-29 3-39 4-49 5-59 6-69 7 6 85.5 77.6 73.8 81.4 86.8 91.1 94.8 4 2 4.4 9.9 4.8 4.5 17.9 4. 2.6 16.4 1. 13.8 9.2 6.4 All 2-29 3-39 4-49 5-59 6-69?7 Current smokers Ex-smokers Non-smokers 2.4 2.8 Current smoker: Among those who have smoked more than 1 cigarettes or for more than 6 months, the ones who smoke everyday or sometimes during the past one month Ex-smoker: Among those who have smoked more than 1 cigarettes or for more than 6 months, the ones who never smoked during the past one month Non- smoker: Those who have never smoked or smoked less than 1 cigarettes or for less than 6 months Proportion of smokers has been decreasing since 23, reaching less than 4 among male Figure 1-2. Changes in proportion of smokers (adults d 2yrs) Figure 12-2. Changes in proportion of smokers (adults d 2yrs) (%) 5 4 46.8 43.3 39.3 39.9 3 27.7 26.4 24.2 23.8 All 2 1 11.3 12. 11.3 1. 23 24 25 26 2
The status of physical activity As for physical activity, more than 4 of male d 2-5 years and female d 2-4 years stated that they do not have enough physical activity habit in their daily lives. 6 4 2 Figure2. Attitude and practice of physical activity in daily life Figure 11. Attitude and practice of physical activity in daily life 31.1 12.8 17.7 21. 17.3 51.5 9.8 11.1 8.5 19.1 26.6 24.3 22.7 25.5 9.3 8.6 1.4 12.8 15.3 23. 24.7 18.6 19.7 29.1 28.9 18.3 25.3 19.4 19.4 18.1 39. 37.4 17.8 16.8 16.8 19.2 16.3 1. 11.6 15. All 15-19 2-29 3-39 4-49 5-59 6-69 7 6 4 2 28.5 13.5 9.3 22.8 2.5 9.1 21.9 28.4 15.3 2.9 28. 29.6 14.3 34.9 2. 17.9 22.8 22.6 2.9 9.3 1.2 28.1 27.6 29.1 16.3 23.3 22.5 38.1 2.4 2.1 13.4 12. 11.7 8.9 8. All 15-19 2-29 3-39 4-49 5-59 6-69 7 I do not practice physical activity, and never think of starting it I do not practice physical activity, but have intension to start it I try to do physical activity, but have not practiced well yet Yes, I practice physical activity, but not regularly. 31. 13.9 18.7 12.1 24.2 In this survey, physical activity is defined as undertaking moderate physical activity like walking, riding a bicycle, doing household tasks with standing/walking for 6 min. in total per day in one s daily life. 3
The status of exercise On the question concerning exercise, more then 3 of male d 2-39 years and over 7 and female d 15-29 years and over 7 years stated that they neither do exercise nor even think of starting it. 6 4 16.9 1. 16.4 27.4 Figure Figure 7. Attitude 3. Attitude and and practice of of exercise 4.4 1.6 9.8 1.2 14.5 12.3 12.8 13.3 9.5 6.5 1.1 9.7 8.1 14.5 15.4 15.1 27.7 32.3 35. 32.6 19.3 18.7 12.7 1.6 18.7 28. 18.4 17.4 2 29.4 28.9 33.2 3.6 27.6 29.3 21.3 34.9 All 15-19 2-29 3-39 4-49 5-59 6-69?7 6 4 12.9 9.3 1. 1.7 13.5 16.9 25.1 8.1 7.1 8.9 1.5 14.1 16.5 15.9 8.8 21.2 2.9 19.7 11.6 21.4 2.6 34.4 29.1 2.5 35.7 37.2 32.8 28.6 11.7 8.4 19.2 15.6 2 27.8 34. 31.6 26.1 22.4 18.3 18. 45.1 All 15-19 2-29 3-39 4-49 5-59 6-69 7 I do not practice physical activity, and never think of starting it I do not practice physical activity, but have intension to start it I try to do physical activity, but have not practiced well yet Yes, I practice physical activity, but not regularly. In this survey, physical activity is defined as undertaking moderate physical activity like walking, riding a bicycle, doing household tasks with standing/walking for 6 min. in total per day in one s daily life. 4
Trend in prevalence of obesity Compared with the statistics of 2 years ago (1986) and 1 years ago (1996), prevalence of obesity apparently increased regardless of group in male, whereas that of obesity in the group of 4-49 years decreased in female. Another finding to be noted was that about 2 of female in their 2s were underweight. For those d over 7 years, prevalence of underweight decreased in both male and female. Figure 4-1. Changes in prevalence of obesity and underweight (adults d 2yrs) Figure 5-1. Changes in prevalence of obesity and underweight (adults d 2yrs) 12y ago (1986) 21y ago (1996) 326 4.4 3.4 3.7 2.6 3.9 2.4 9.4 9.9 9.5 7.7 17. 11.5 6.6 4.2 4.3 3.9 4.3 3.7 6 62.3 77.5 76.6 7.9 76.3 72.6 73. 68.9 63.9 71.6 67.6 63.6 63.3 7.6 75.7 7.3 7.8 7.5 4 2 34. 24. 19.6 19.3 13.1 13.5 24.4 27.2 33.7 24.2 28.1 32.5 16.6 25.1 33. 23.1 17.7 12.5 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 2-29 3-39 4-49 5-59 6-69 7 3.9 8.6 5.2 8. 5.4 4.8 4.4 8.5 13.9 13.3 19.6 22.2 21.7 5.6 6.1 14. 11.3 8.4 6 79.1 75. 74.1 72.6 74.3 75.6 65.3 7.8 69.9 61.1 63.2 65.7 61.9 6.5 65. 4 73.9 71.1 7.6 Figure 3. Secular changes in prevalence of obesity and underweight (adults d 2yrs) 3 25 2 15 1 5 (%) 2 Obesity () Obesity () Underweight () Underweight () 6.5 6.7 7.7 12.3 11.1 12.6 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 21 26 23.5 2.5 16.4 29.3 24.4 25.7 3.4 31.2 28.2 24.1 5 28.2 26.6 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 2-29 3-39 4-49 5-59 6-69 7 Figure4-2. Secular changes in prevalence of obesity and underweight (adults d 2yrs) Obesity Normal Underweight (Lean) BMI(Body Mass Index) =weight[kg]/(height[m] 2 <18.5 Underweight (Lean) 18.5 and <25 Normal 25 Obesity Reference) (Reference) Data for Figure 3. 4-2. (%) Underweight Underweight Obesity Obesity Annual (Lean) Annual (Lean) 1976 15.2 21.1 7.1 8.7 1992 23.9 21.8 5.6 9.5 1977 15.6 2.4 8.5 9.7 1993 24. 21.9 5.8 8.3 1978 17.6 21.1 7.2 8.4 1994 22.3 2.9 6.4 9.2 1979 16.8 2. 6.8 9. 1995 23.9 2.9 5.4 1.3 198 17.8 2.7 7.2 8.1 1996 23.2 2.8 5.8 9.8 1981 18.9 22.4 6. 7.9 1997 23.3 2.9 5.3 9.7 1982 19. 21.8 6.3 7.5 1998 26.3 21.4 5.5 8.9 1983 2.4 2.5 5.6 8. 1999 25.8 2.9 5.2 9.8 1984 19. 2.1 6.6 8.5 2 26.8 21.3 4.8 1.3 1985 18.2 21. 5.9 8.1 21 28. 21.6 4.9 1.1 1986 19.4 2.8 6.4 8.9 22 28.9 23.1 4.4 1.1 1987 2.4 21.2 6.4 8.8 23 27.8 22.2 5.3 1.1 1988 2.7 19.8 5.6 9.4 24 28.4 2.6 4.7 9.8 1989 21.8 2.3 6.5 8.5 25 28.6 22. 4.3 9.9 199 22.3 21.7 6.2 8.4 26 29.7 21.4 4.7 9.1 1991 23.5 21.5 5.8 8.4
Characteristics of dietary habit For the percent of those who skip breakfast, an increasing trend has been observed among both male and female, with the highest proportions among those d 2-29 years in 26(3 for men and 2 for women). Figure5. Proportion of the population who skip breakfast (over 1 yrs old) Figure 6. Proportion of the population who skip breakfast (over 1 yrs old) 5 (%) 4 3.6 28.4 3 26.2 22.8 2.1 2.9 2 13.1 15.4 14.6 1.8 13.1 1.1 12.1 8.5 7.6 7.3 1 6.1 6.3 4.6 5.8 3.3 1.7 1.8 2.1 3.5 7.1 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.3 All 1-6 7-14 15-19 2-29 3-39 4-49 5-59 6-69 7 5 (%) 4 3 22.5 2 15.4 13.9 13.213.5 8.6 1.9 8.5 8.1 7.6 1 5.5 7.1 7.8 5.4 6.1 6.3 4.6 2.5 3.4 4.8 3.2 3.3 4.6 1.92.1 1.9 1.9 2.51.82.2 All 1-6 7-14 15-19 2-29 3-39 4-49 5-59 6-69 7 2y ago(1986) 1y ago(1996) 26 In this survey, skipping meal is defined as the following 3 groups: 1) do not eat anything 2) take snack, fruit, dairy products and bever only 3) take only supplements and energy drink only 6
For the time for dinner, an increase trend was observed in the proportion of those who start dinner after 21: among both men and women d 2-6 years. Figure6. 7. Time of of having dinner (over (over 2 yrs 2 old) yrs old) 11997 226 2.5.5.2.7.3.8..3.2 3.4 5.5 6. 3.6 7.6 3.7 7.1 14. 15.5 17.8 21.3 23.6 28.5 26.4 27.6.4.4.4. 1.2 1.1.1 1.1 4.6 4.8 12.7 14.4 36.1 33.3.2.1.2 1.4 28.7 24.6. 1.4 6 4 46.6 4.1 53.8 47.7 48.8 44.9 51.8 45.4 53.8 5.1 58.7 6.7 69.6 73.9 2 36.5 4.8 18.6 17.5 23.3 21. 26.4 19.7 31.8 33.9 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 All 2-29 3-39 4-49 5-59 6-69 7.6.4.3.3..4.3.4.3.9.1.4.1..9 2.2 3.3.7 1.6.2.7.6.7.2 2.7.4 2.8 6.2 1.2 6.5 8.1 5.8 6.3 5.6 5.9.2 1. 13.8 19.5 36.6 32.9 31.6.5. 1.6 23.8 6 48.9 41. 5.8 43.6 58.1 57.9 52.2 46.3 61.4 54.2 4 2 43.8 51.3 4. 44.6 35.5 34.9 4.7 46.9 6.1 63.7 67. 74.1 22.3 23. 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 All 2-29 3-39 4-49 5-59 6-69 7 Before PM7 PM7-8 PM9-1 After PM 11 Not eating 7
Energy intake and fat energy ratio Aver energy intake gradually decreased in both male and female. Proportion of those who reported a fat energy ratio of 3 or more was about 2 and 3 for male and female respectively. Figure 7. 8. Changes in aver energy intake (adults d d 2yrs) 2yrs) (kcal) 2312 2313 2319 25 2295 2163 2247 2242 2288 2252 218 2188 2224 2214 2112 2133 2 1955 19171946 15 1 5 2-29 3-39 4-49 5-59 6-69 7 (kcal) 25 2 15 1826 1916 186 1883 1836 1875 1752 176 1813 181 172 1647 1697 1762 1782 1742 1632 1615 1 5 2-29 3-39 4-49 5-59 6-69 7 1996 21 26 Figure Figure 9. Distribution 8-1. Distribution of fat of energy fat energy ratio ratio (adults (adults d d 2yrs) 2yrs) 3 <25% 18.1% 59. 22.9% 3 27.2% 24.8% 48. <25% 25-3 25-3 Figure 8-2. Changes in fat energy ratio (adults d 2yrs) Figure 1. Changes in fat energy ratio (adults d 2yrs) 22 6. 22.9 17.1 22 51. 24.8 24.2 23 6.9 21.8 17.3 23 5.9 24.2 24.9 24 58.6 22.6 18.8 24 49.4 24.7 25.9 25 58.5 23.3 18.2 25 48.4 25. 26.6 26 59. 22.9 18.1 26 48. 24.8 27.2 2 4 6 2 4 6 8 <25% 25-3 3 Fat energy ratio= ratio of energy intake from fat in total energy intake * Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (25) set AI of fat energy ratio as below 1) 18-29 years: 2-3, 2)3-69 years: 2-25%, 3) 7 years: 15-25%
Mean vegetable intake The mean vegetable intake per day was 33.4 g for those over 2 years of, with the highest value (348.6 g) in those d 6-69 years. On the other hand, the mean value was below 3 g in both men and women d 2-49 years. All (sum of and ) Figure 11. Mean vegetable intake per day (adults d 2yrs) 4 3 Figure9. Mean vegetable intake per day (adults d 2yrs) (g) (33.4) Total (GY + Other) (263.1) (266.6) (272.) (317.8) (348.6) (321.9) 2 21.4 179.7 179.5 185.4 213.4 227.4 26.9 1 12. 83.4 87.1 86.6 14.4 121.2 115. All 2-29 3-39 4-49 5-59 6-69 7 4 3 (g) (312.8) (271.) (282.1) (282.3) (316.6) (358.4) (338.1) 2 21.1 19.2 188.4 194.3 216.6 236.9 219.7 1 12.7 8.8 93.7 88. 1. 121.5 118.4 All 2-29 3-39 4-49 5-59 6-69 7 (g) 4 (295.4) (318.9) (34.2) (39.3) 3 (256.) (253.1) (262.8) 219.3 2 194. 21.5 197. 17.4 171.7 177.5 1 11.4 85.6 81.4 85.3 18.4 12.9 112.3 All 2-29 3-39 4-49 5-59 6-69 7 GY vegetables Vegetables other than GY vegetables The value in ( ) is the sum of GY (green and yellow) vegetables and other ones 9
Mean salt intake The proportions of those with a salt intake exceeding the target level was about 6 and 7 for male and female, respectively. Figure1-1. Distribution of salt intake per day (adults d 2yrs) Figure 12. Distribution of salt intake per day (adults d 2yrs) 1g < 1g 8g < 8g 63.5% 36.5% 7. 3. Figure1-2. Mean salt intake per day (adults d 2yrs) Figure 13. Mean salt intake per day (adults d 2yrs) 14 12 1 (g) 11.2 12.2 11.2 11.6 12. 1.5 1.2 1.5 11. 9.4 9.5 1.1 12.9 12.8 11.8 11.5 12.1 11.5 12.1 11.3 1.6 8 6 4 2 All(over 2y) 2-29 3-39 4-49 5-59 6-69 7 total Salt intake (g) = Na (mg) 2.54 / 1, Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (25) set AI of salt intake as below Adult male: < 1g, Adult female: < 8g 1