Effects of anti-reflux surgery on chronic cough and asthma in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2000) 94, 1166 1170 doi:10.1053/rmed.2000.0944, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Effects of anti-reflux surgery on chronic cough and asthma in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease T. EKSTRÖM* AND K.-E. JOHANSSON { Departments of *Pulmonary Medicine and { Surgery, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden This two-group prospective study evaluated the effect of anti-reflux surgery (fundoplication) on 24 patients with severe gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and concomitant asthma (n¼13) or chronic cough (n=11). Twenty-four hour oesophageal ph monitoring and lung function tests (FEV 1, FVC) were done before and within 1 year after anti-reflux surgery. A diary was kept by the patient during the 4-week period prior to surgery and during 4-week periods 6 and 12 months postoperatively, with daily monitoring of peak expiratory flow rate, respiratory and reflux symptoms and medication. In non-asthmatic patients, coughing was reduced by 47% and 80% during the day and night, respectively, 12 months after surgery (P50?01). Concomitant hoarseness and expectoration were also significantly reduced (P50?05). No effect on lung function was seen. In patients with asthma, small, nonsignificant reductions in asthma symptom scores and consumption of rescue medication were seen. Twenty-two patients were completely free from their GORD symptoms after surgery. In conclusion, anti-reflux surgery in patients with GORD had a more favourable effect on concomitant cough than concomitant asthma. Key words: anti-reflux surgery; aspiration; asthma; cough; gastro-oesophageal reflux. RESPIR. MED. (2000) 94, 1166 1170 # 2000 HARCOURT PUBLISHERS LTD Introduction Many studies have shown a close relationship between gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and asthma (1 4), and also between GORD and chronic cough (5 7). Suggested mechanisms behind a causal relationship between GORD and respiratory symptoms are aspiration (2,8), oesophagobronchial reflexes (9) and mis-swallowing (6). Several studies have shown an improvement of respiratory symptoms following anti-reflux medication or surgery (1, 5 7, 10 20). Most surgical studies have a rather short follow-up period and lack long-term data on lung function and respiratory symptoms. The aim of the present study was to prospectively evaluate the effect of anti-reflux surgery (fundoplication) on chronic cough and asthma in subjects with GORD using a patient diary in the manner used to document the effects of a medical intervention. Received 13 March 2000 and accepted in revised form 1 August 2000. Published online 9 October 2000. Correspondence should be addressed to: Tommy Ekstro m, M.D., Norbergsgatan 5 C, SE-223 54 Lund, Sweden. Fax: +46 46 337575. Patients and methods STUDY POPULATION Twenty-four patients with severe GORD who had simultaneous asthma or chronic cough were the subjects of this study. All patients had a hiatal hernia, endoscopic oesophagitis, pathological result of 24-h ph monitoring of the oesophagus or pathological reflux test at manometry. The indication for anti-reflux surgery was persistent symptoms of GORD and oesophagitis despite at least 6 months of treatment with proton pump inhibitors, H 2 blockers and antacids. Thirteen patients had asthma according to the definition of the American Thoracic Society (21) and 11 patients had chronic cough with (n=10) or without (n=1) sputum production and hoarseness (8/11) for more than 1 year before surgery. Eight patients in each group had a history of reflux-associated respiratory symptoms. All patients with asthma were on regular medication with inhaled corticosteroids (n=11). Asthma was excluded in patients with chronic cough by spirometry, reversibility testing and peak expiratory flow monitoring at home for 3 weeks. Furthermore, no signs of wheeze, attacks of dyspnoea or history of airway hyperresponsiveness to airborne irritants were accepted in this group of patients. Demographic data for the study population are given in Table 1. 0954-6111/00/121166+05 $35?00/0 # 2000 HARCOURT PUBLISHERS LTD

EFFECTS OF ANTI-REFLUX SURGERY IN PATIENTS WITH GORD 1167 TABLE 1. Demographic data and current medication in patients with asthma (n=13) or persistent cough (n=11) prior to anti-reflux surgery Patients with asthma Patients with cough Male/female 7/6 2/9 Age, years (range) 56 (45 70) 55 (40 72) Current smokers 2 0 Inhaled corticosteroids 11 1 Oral b 2- agonist 3 1 Oral theophyllines 3 0 Omeprazole 8 7 H 2 -blockers 5 4 Antacids 13 11 Duration of respiratory symptoms, years (range) 13?5 (1 31) 9?5 (3 30) instructed not to change their regular asthma medication unless absolutely necessary. No attempt was made to taper off asthma medication during the follow-up period in order to avoid the effect of reduced medication on asthma outcome. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) measurements were made immediately upon waking and before retiring to bed. Mini-Wright peak flow meters were used and the highest value of three measurements was recorded. Non-asthmatic patients graded their daily symptoms of cough, sputum production and hoarseness on a scale of 0 3, where 0=no symptoms, 1=mild, 2=moderate and 3=severe symptoms. Any medication was recorded on the diary card. PEF measurements were not performed in this group of patients. Furthermore, all subjects in the study recorded daily symptoms of GORD (heartburn and regurgitation) on a scale of 0 3 in their diary pre- and postoperatively. Antireflux medication was allowed prior to surgery because of the severity of the GORD. METHODS ph monitoring Twenty-four-hour ph monitoing of the oesophagus was performed prior to surgery and 6 months postoperatively, using an antimony ph electrode placed 5 cm above the upper border of the lower oesophageal sphincter. All patients were hospitalized during the monitoring period and received a special acid-free diet. Acid-suppressive medication was withdrawn 5 days prior to investigation. At our institution, the normal upper limit for GOR is defined as reflux less than 1% of the day (22). No manometry was done postoperatively. Surgical technique Twenty patients were operated on with transabdominal and four patients with laparascopic fundoplication. In all patients the fundus of the stomach was mobilized and all short vessels to the spleen were divided. Crural repair was performed behind the oesophagus. A short, floppy, 3608 fundoplication was performed in 15 cases. In nine subjects a posterior, partial (2708) fundoplication was performed. Patient diary Over a 4-week period prior to anti-reflux surgery and over 4-week periods 6 and 12 months postoperatively all patients recorded their daily respiratory symptoms in a standard fashion. Patients with asthma recorded asthma symptoms experienced during the day and at night on a scale of 0 3, where 0 indicated no symptoms, 1=mild, 2=moderate and 3 = severe symptoms. The daily use of inhaled rescue bronchodilators and any change in regular asthma medication were also recorded in the diary. Patients were Lung function tests Forced expiratory flow in 1 sec (FEV 1 ) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were measured prior to surgery and 6 and 12 months postoperatively, using a dry spirometer, (Vitalograph, U.K). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The Wilcoxon s signed rank test was used for comparison of data before and after anti-reflux surgery. A level of P50?05 was considered statistically significant. ETHICS The Human Research Committee approved the study and informed consent was obtained from each subject. Results All patients completed the study. Four subjects failed to fill in their diary cards during either the 6- (n=3) or 12-month (n=1) follow-up period. All patients were included in the final analyses. Patients with chronic cough showed a significant improvement in all respiratory symptom parameters after anti-reflux surgery (Table 2, Fig. 1). Day cough was decreased by 47% and nocturnal cough by 80%. Five patients (45%) became completely cough-free at night and two of these were also cough-free during the day. Lung function did not change during the study (Table 2, Fig. 2). Total reflux time, heartburn and regurgitation were significantly reduced after surgery (Table 2, Fig. 3). In patients with asthma there was a tendency towards better asthma control after surgery, even if the improvement in asthma symptom score and the less frequent use of rescue medication did not reach statistical significance

1168 T. EKSTRÖM AND K.-E. JOHANSSON TABLE 2. Lung function, respiratory symptoms, 24-h oesophageal ph monitoring and symptoms of GORD before and after anti-reflux surgery in 11 patients with chronic cough. Mean values (+SEM) are given. Before surgery 6 months postoperatively 12 months postoperatively FEV 1 l min 71 (% predicted) 94?8 (5?7) 97?8 (4?1) 94?5 (5?8) FVC l min 71 (% predicted) 98?6 (5?1) 102?3 (3?7) 100?2 (5?3) Cough score day 1?52 (0?17) 0?60* (0?19) 0?81** (0?17) Cough score night 1?25 (0?27) 0?31 (0?17) 0?25** (0?15) Hoarseness score 1?04 (0?22) 0?25* (0?17) 0?19* (0?12) Expectoration score 1?14 (0?18) 0?39* (0?29) 0?40* (0?13) Heartburn score day 0?80 (0?26) 0* (0) 0?05* (0?05) Heartburn score night 0?54 (0?21) 0 (0) 0?02* (0?02) Regurgitation score 1?34 (0?32) 0* (0) 0?03** (0?03) 24-h ph monitoring Total reflux time, % 10?97 (4?63) 0?05** (0?05) *P50?05; **P50?01. (Table 3, Fig. 1). No effect was seen on lung function (Table 3, Fig. 2). Two patients were completely relieved of asthma symptoms at night, both having a history of refluxassociated respiratory symptoms. Total reflux time and symptoms of GORD were significantly reduced after surgery (Table 3, Fig. 3). All patients except three were able to maintain their regular asthma medication throughout the study. Two patients increased their dose of bronchodilators and one stopped regular use of inhaled corticosteroids. The outcome of these three patients did not differ from that of the group as a whole. Discussion The present study shows a dramatic effect of fundoplication on cough, sputum production and hoarseness in nonasthmatic patients with GORD. Our findings are in accordance with those of other authors, who have reported good relief from respiratory symptoms after anti-reflux surgery in patients with chronic cough (6 7, 23 26). On the other hand, patients with asthma showed no significant improvement in this study, even if symptom scores and use of rescue medication were slightly reduced 12 months after surgery. These findings differ from those of other reports (1 2,15 17,19). Sontag et al. (15) reported that six out of 13 patients had complete relief of their asthma after surgery. Tardif et al. (17) reported improvement in asthma control in 50% (five out of 10) of asthmatic patients following anti-reflux surgery. In a study by Perrin- Fayolle et al. (16) patients with asthma and GORD were followed for 5 years: 25% had total resolution of respiratory symptoms, 16% were markedly improved, 25% had moderate improvement and 34% noted no change. However, negative results have also been reported. Ruth et al. (23) evaluated 53 patients after anti-reflux surgery. Of the 20 patients with simultaneous pulmonary symptoms, only patients with chronic cough improved, whilst asthmatic patients were unaffected by the surgical intervention. There may be several reasons behind the discrepancy between our findings and those reported in the literature. The number of patients with asthma may have been FIG. 1. Combined score of disease control before (BS) and 12 months after surgery (AS) in patients with asthma (&) (symptoms and use of rescue medication day and night) and in patients with cough (&) (cough day and night, hoarseness and expectoration). Mean values +SEM are given. FIG. 2. FEV 1 before surgery (BS) and 12 months after surgery (AS) in patients with asthma (&) and chronic cough (&) Mean values +SEM are given.

EFFECTS OF ANTI-REFLUX SURGERY IN PATIENTS WITH GORD 1169 TABLE 3. Lung function, respiratory symptoms, use of rescue medication, 24-h oesophageal ph monitoring and symptoms of GORD before and after anti-reflux surgery in 13 patients with asthma [mean values (+SEM) are given] Before surgery 6 months postoperatively 12 months postoperatively FEV 1 l min 71 (% preditcted) 65?6 (4?9) 64?6 (6?7) 61?9 (5?8) FVC l min 71 (% preditcted) 77?0 (3?8) 70?5 (6?4) 71?9 (6?1) PEFR morning l min 71 401 (50?2) 397 (57?0) 408 (50?2) PEFR evening l min 71 419 (49?2) 412 (57?5) 422 (49?4) Asthma score, night 1?28 (0?30) 1?02 (0?37) 0?88 (0?26) Asthma score, day 0?73 (0?27) 0?89 (0?31) 0?67 (0?32) Rescue medication, no. of Puffs 0?35 (0?24) 0?39 (0?17) 0?20 (0?14) during the night Puffs during the day 2?06 (0?52) 1?45 (0?76) 1?60 (0?56) Heartburn score day 0?93 (0?23) 0?11 (0?11) 0** (0) Heartburn score night 0?56 (0?19) 0?08 (0?08) 0* (0) Regurgitation score 1?45 (0?35) 0* (0) 0* (0) 24-h ph monitoring Total reflux time, % 6?05 (1?58) 0?34** (0?18) *P50?05; **P50?01. insufficient to show a statistically significant effect of the surgical procedure. Other investigators, however, have reported a positive outcome of anti-reflux surgery in small groups of patients (15,17). It could be argued that that was a selection bias, since our patients were not selected for surgery due to severity of asthma or a strong suspicion of a causal relationship between the GORD and asthma but for the severity of GORD. However, most patients had a history of reflux-associated respiratory symptoms and several of them had symptomatic asthma despite extensive medication. Another explanation could be differences in surgical technique despite the fact that acid reflux in our study was totally abolished after fundoplication. A more plausible explanation for the poor response to fundoplication in the asthmatic group of patients may be that anti-reflux medication was given over a long period of time (46 months) prior to surgery, which may have reduced the room for improvement. We previously (18) studied 48 patients with asthma and symptoms of GOR FIG. 3. Total reflux score (heartburn day and night plus regurgitation) in patients with asthma (&) and chronic cough (&) before (BS) and 12 months after surgery (AS). Mean values +SEM are given. who were given ranitidine or placebo over a 4-week period. A significant reduction in nocturnal asthma symptoms and rescue inhalations was seen after ranitidine treatment. In a study by Harding et al. (20), acid-suppressive therapy with omeprazole was received for 3 months by patients with asthma and GORD. Seventy-three percent of the patients responded to therapy. Asthma symptoms were reduced by 57% and morning PEF improved by 8% compared to baseline. The literature on anti-reflux treatment in patients with chronic cough is more consistent with our results (5 7, 23 26). The effect of fundoplication seems to be more obvious in patients with chronic cough than in subjects with asthma. The reason behind this may be that asthma is a more complex disease, with several trigger factors involved. Amelioration of GORD cannot be expected to abolish all symptoms of asthma, while cough as a single symptom may be easier to control by surgical intervention. There is also a possibility that patients with chronic cough respond more favourably to anti-reflux surgery than to acid-suppressive medication. In a study by Tibbling et al. (6), treatment with omeprazole did not significantly reduce coughing or other respiratory symptoms, whereas fundoplication in these patients totally relieved coughing in 27 of 34 subjects. The authors concluded that aspiration due to mis-swallowing was the probable cause of the respiratory problems in the population studied. It was believed that distal anchoring of the longitudinal oesophageal muscle by surgery restores the delicate coordination between deglutition, the opening of the upper oesophageal sphincter and the epiglottic closure of the laryngeal entrance, thereby reducing the likelyhood for aspiration. The importance of oesophageal body motility as a predictor of successful outcome after antireflux surgery has also been stressed by other authors (7). In conclusion, anti-reflux surgery in patients with GORD had more favourable effect on concomitant cough than

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