Chapter 3 Neoplasms
Terminology Related to Neoplasms and Tumors Neoplasm New growth Tumor Swelling or neoplasm Leukemia Malignant disease of bone marrow Hematoma Bruise or contusion
Classification of Neoplasms Cancer General term for malignant tumor or neoplasm Classified according to: Appearance and growth pattern Type of body tissue from which they arise
Classification of Neoplasms
Classification of Neoplasms Appearance & Growth Patterns Benign Confined to local area Do not spread Commonly called tumors Usually harmless
Classification of Neoplasms Appearance & Growth Patterns Malignant Malignant means deadly Spreads to other areas by Invasion spreading to surrounding tissue Metastasis spread to distant areas The following site explains how cancers are staged http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/detection/staging
Classification of Neoplasms Tissue of Origin Benign Tissue + oma ex. lipoma Malignant Carcinoma epithelial or skin tissue Sarcoma connective tissue (bone, muscle, fat) Lymphoma lymphatic & blood Other brain
Benign and Malignant Neoplasm Growth Benign tumors Growth in particular area But not invasive or metastatic Encapsulated in capsule Easier to excise Limited growth potential Malignant tumors Excessive, without regulation Without structure or function of normal cells Surface area not encapsulated Fast growing, outpace normal cells
Hyperplasias and Neoplasms Similarities: Mean overgrowth of cells Causing increase in size of tissue Produce masses identified as hyperplasia or neoplasm Differences: Cause Extent of growth
Development of Malignant Neoplasm Genetic mutation due to: Radiation Viruses Carcinogens Cancer-causing agents Chemicals
Development of Malignant Neoplasm Carcinoma in situ Atypical cells in epithelial layer of tissue Have not invaded surrounding tissue Invasion of precancerous cells Final stage of cancer development
Invasion and Metastasis of Cancer Carcinomas and epithelial tissue neoplasms commonly spread Lymph nodes filter cancer cells Absence of lymph node involvement favorable Making surgical cure possible Sarcomas shed cells into bloodstream
Grading and Staging of Cancer Grading Determines degree of abnormality Staging Considers degree of spread
The following is a government web site to help with understanding how cancers are staged http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/detection/staging
Causes of Cancer For many cancers, cause is unknown Carcinogenesis progresses slowly May start, stop, or be reversed but usually is a continual progression Prevention and cure frequently depend on finding initiating agents
Causes of Cancer Chemical carcinogens Hormones Radiation Viruses Genetic predisposition
Causes of Cancer Personal risk behaviors Diet Sexual behavior Alcohol use
Cancer Prevention Preventive measures: Do not smoke Limit alcohol intake Protect skin from excessive sun exposure Refuse needless x-rays Avoid heavily polluted air Follow labels when using pesticides and chemicals Maintain healthy body weight Regular breast self-exams (women) Exercise regularly
Cancer Prevention Preventive measures (continued) Routine HPV vaccination for girls and boys Regular checkups by a physician Clinical breast examination for females Papanicolaou (Pap) smears for females Prostate examinations for males Rectal examinations for males and females
Frequency of Cancer A leading cause of death in United States Affects one in two males and one in three females Affects people of all ages Both male and female Most common: Basal and squamous cell skin cancer
Frequency of Cancer Most common (excluding skin cancer): Lung Colon/Rectum Breast Prostate
Diagnosis of Cancer Warning Signs Change in bowel or bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in a wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness
Diagnosis of Cancer Prognosis best if treated early Routine screening is helpful May be found accidentally Once discovered, biopsy recommended
Signs and Symptoms of Cancer Pain Obstruction Hemorrhage Anemia Fracture Infection Cachexia
Treatment Options: Palliative Prevent pain and discomfort Preventive But does not seek to cure disease Prevent disease from starting
Cancer Treatment Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation Hormone Therapy the following sites provide more information http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/detailedguide/breast-cancertreating-hormone-therapy http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/therapy/hormonetherapy-prostate
What is hormone therapy? Hormone therapy is a form of systemic therapy that works to add, block or remove hormones from the body to slow or stop the growth of cancer cells. At Cancer Treatment Centers of America (CTCA), we use hormone therapy to fight various forms of cancer alongside Integrative Oncology Services to combat side effects. Hormones are known as the body s chemical messengers and are produced in the endocrine glands, which include glands such as the thyroid, pancreas, ovaries in women and testicles in men. Hormones can encourage the growth of some cancers, such as breast and prostate. But, in some cases, they can kill, slow or stop cancer cells from growing. Hormone therapy usually involves taking medications that prevent cancer cells from getting the hormones they need to grow. In some cases, your doctor may surgically remove the gland responsible for hormone production. Our physicians may use hormone therapy in combination with other cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy.