Health Reference Series Second Edition Basic Consumer Health Information about Disorders of the Ears, Hearing Loss, Vestibular Disorders, Nasal and Sinus Problems, Throat and Vocal Cord Disorders, and Otolaryngologic Cancers, Including Facts about Ear Infections and Injuries, Genetic and Congenital Deafness, Sensorineural Hearing Disorders, Tinnitus, Vertigo, Ménière Disease, Rhinitis, Sinusitis, Snoring, Sore Throats, Hoarseness, and More Along with Reports on Current Research Initiatives, a Glossary of Related Medical Terms, and a Directory of Sources for Further Help and Information Edited by Sandra J. Judd Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders SOURCEBOOK 615 Griswold Street Detroit, MI 48226
Table of Contents Visit www.healthreferenceseries.com to view A Contents Guide to the Health Reference Series, a listing of more than 12,000 topics and the volumes in which they are covered. Preface... xiii Part I: Disorders of the Ears Chapter 1 Looking at the Ears... 3 Section 1.1 How Do We Hear?... 4 Section 1.2 Ear Examination... 7 Chapter 2 The Pinna (External Ear)... 9 Section 2.1 Small Ear (Microtia)... 10 Section 2.2 Cauliflower Ear... 13 Section 2.3 Otoplasty (Ear Plastic Surgery)... 14 Chapter 3 Ear Infections... 17 Section 3.1 Swimmer s Ear... 18 Section 3.2 Otitis Media... 22 Section 3.3 Chronic Middle Ear Infection... 29 Section 3.4 Mastoiditis... 33 Section 3.5 Ear Tubes... 34 Section 3.6 Alternative Treatments for Ear Infections... 38 Chapter 4 Ear Injuries... 47 Section 4.1 Perforated Eardrum... 48 v
Section 4.2 Tympanoplasty: Surgical Repair of the Perforated Eardrum... 50 Section 4.3 Barotrauma... 53 Section 4.4 Ears and Altitude... 57 Section 4.5 Ear Emergencies... 60 Chapter 5 Ear Secretions and Growths... 65 Section 5.1 Earwax (Cerumen)... 66 Section 5.2 Benign Ear Cyst or Tumor... 69 Section 5.3 Otosclerosis... 71 Section 5.4 Cholesteatoma... 74 Part II: Hearing Disorders Chapter 6 Hearing Loss: The Basics... 81 Section 6.1 Types of Hearing Loss... 82 Section 6.2 Mechanism Underlying Stereocilia Self-Renewal Discovered... 86 Section 6.3 Statistics about Hearing Disorders, Ear Infections, and Deafness... 88 Chapter 7 Diagnosing Hearing Loss... 91 Section 7.1 Hearing Testing... 92 Section 7.2 Newborn Hearing Screening... 96 Section 7.3 Hearing Loss Quick Test... 99 Chapter 8 Genetic and Congenital Deafness... 101 Section 8.1 Congenital Deafness: An Overview... 102 Section 8.2 Usher Syndrome... 109 Section 8.3 Waardenburg Syndrome... 113 Section 8.4 Other Types of Syndromic Deafness... 115 Section 8.5 Otospondylomegaepiphyseal Dysplasia... 121 Section 8.6 Nonsyndromic Deafness... 123 Section 8.7 Research Advances in Genetic Hearing Loss... 126 vi
Chapter 9 Sensorineural Hearing Disorders... 129 Section 9.1 Auditory Neuropathy... 130 Section 9.2 Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease... 133 Section 9.3 Presbycusis: Age-Related Hearing Loss... 135 Section 9.4 Hyperacusis... 142 Section 9.5 Sudden Deafness... 146 Chapter 10 Ototoxicity... 149 Chapter 11 Tinnitus... 151 Section 11.1 Facts about Tinnitus... 152 Section 11.2 Tinnitus Research... 155 Chapter 12 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss... 157 Section 12.1 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss: An Overview... 158 Section 12.2 Frequently Asked Questions about Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention... 162 Section 12.3 Hearing Protection... 165 Section 12.4 Risk to Hearing from Personal Stereo Systems... 168 Chapter 13 Bone Disorders Can Lead to Hearing Loss... 171 Chapter 14 Electronic Hearing Devices... 175 Section 14.1 Hearing Aids... 176 Section 14.2 Bone-Anchored Hearing Aids... 182 Section 14.3 Cochlear Implants... 185 Section 14.4 Risk of Bacterial Meningitis in Children with Cochlear Implants... 199 Chapter 15 Communicating with the Deaf and Hard of Hearing... 205 Section 15.1 American Sign Language... 206 Section 15.2 Assistive Listening Devices... 209 Section 15.3 Captions for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Viewers... 215 vii
Section 15.4 Better Communication with People Who Are Hard of Hearing... 220 Part III: Vestibular Disorders Chapter 16 Vestibular Disorders: An Overview... 225 Section 16.1 Vestibular (Balance) Disorders... 226 Section 16.2 Pediatric Vestibular Disorders... 232 Section 16.3 Presbyastasis... 234 Section 16.4 Allergies and Vestibular Disorders... 239 Section 16.5 Vestibular Testing... 242 Section 16.6 Vestibular Rehabilitation Therapy (VRT)... 249 Chapter 17 Vestibular Schwannoma... 251 Chapter 18 Bilateral Vestibulopathy... 255 Chapter 19 Vestibular Neuritis and Labyrinthitis... 263 Chapter 20 Vertigo... 269 Section 20.1 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo... 270 Section 20.2 Epileptic Vertigo... 274 Section 20.3 Vestibular Migraine... 276 Section 20.4 Post-Traumatic Vertigo... 277 Section 20.5 Mal de Debarquement... 282 Chapter 21 Dizziness and Motion Sickness... 285 Chapter 22 Ménière Disease... 291 Chapter 23 Perilymph Fistula... 295 Part IV: Disorders of the Nose and Sinuses Chapter 24 Introduction to the Nose and Sinuses... 309 Section 24.1 Anatomy of the Nose... 310 Section 24.2 How the Sinuses Work... 313 Section 24.3 Diagnostic Tests of the Nose and Sinuses... 315 viii
Chapter 25 Your Stuffy Nose... 323 Section 25.1 The Common Cold... 324 Section 25.2 Sneezing... 331 Section 25.3 Rhinitis... 332 Section 25.4 Post-Nasal Drip... 337 Chapter 26 Your Allergic Nose... 341 Chapter 27 Common Nasal Concerns... 359 Section 27.1 Deviated Septum... 360 Section 27.2 Nasal Polyps... 362 Section 27.3 Nosebleeds... 364 Section 27.4 Septoplasty and Turbinate Reduction... 367 Section 27.5 Rhinoplasty... 369 Chapter 28 Sinus Problems... 373 Section 28.1 Sinusitis... 374 Section 28.2 Sinus Headache... 382 Section 28.3 Sinus Surgery... 384 Chapter 29 Snoring and Sleep Apnea... 387 Section 29.1 Snoring... 388 Section 29.2 Sleep Apnea... 391 Chapter 30 Smell and Taste Disorders... 395 Section 30.1 Smell Disorders... 396 Section 30.2 Taste Disorders... 400 Section 30.3 Statistics on Taste and Smell... 404 Part V: Disorders of the Throat and Vocal Cords Chapter 31 Sore Throat... 409 Section 31.1 What Causes a Sore Throat?... 410 Section 31.2 Strep Throat... 413 Section 31.3 Strep Throat Test... 416 Section 31.4 Epiglottitis... 419 Chapter 32 Tonsils and Adenoids... 423 Section 32.1 Tonsils and Tonsillectomies... 424 ix
Section 32.2 Adenoids and Adenoidectomies... 426 Chapter 33 Laryngeal Problems... 431 Section 33.1 Laryngitis... 432 Section 33.2 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Reflux Laryngitis... 436 Section 33.3 Laryngeal Papillomatosis... 441 Chapter 34 Swallowing Problems... 445 Section 34.1 Dysphagia... 446 Section 34.2 Achalasia... 450 Chapter 35 Voice and Vocal Cord Disorders... 455 Section 35.1 Hoarseness... 456 Section 35.2 Spasmodic Dysphonia... 459 Section 35.3 Vocal Fold Nodules, Polyps, and Cysts... 463 Section 35.4 Vocal Cord Dysfunction (Paradoxical Vocal Cord Movement)... 468 Section 35.5 Vocal Cord Paralysis... 473 Section 35.6 Disorders of Vocal Abuse and Misuse... 476 Section 35.7 Taking Care of Your Voice... 480 Section 35.8 Statistics on Voice Disorders... 484 Part VI: Cancers of the Ears, Nose, and Throat Chapter 36 Head and Neck Cancer: Questions and Answers... 489 Chapter 37 Oropharyngeal Cancer... 499 Chapter 38 Nasopharyngeal Cancer... 505 Chapter 39 Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer... 513 Chapter 40 What You Need to Know about Esophageal Cancer... 527 Chapter 41 Hypopharyngeal Cancer... 537 Chapter 42 What You Need to Know about Cancer of the Larynx... 547 x
Chapter 43 Recent Research in Cancer of the Ear, Nose, and Throat... 567 Part VII: Additional Help and Information Chapter 44 Glossary of Terms Related to the Ears, Nose, and Throat... 577 Chapter 45 Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders: Resources for Information and Support... 589 Index... 601 xi