ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, May 1998, p. 1028 1033 Vol. 42, No. 5 0066-4804/98/$04.00 0 Copyright 1998, American Society for Microbiology In Vitro Susceptibilities of Aerobic and Facultative Non-Spore- Forming Gram-Positive Bacilli to HMR 3647 (RU 66647) and 14 Other Antimicrobials FRANCISCO SORIANO,* RICARDO FERNÁNDEZ-ROBLAS, RAQUEL CALVO, AND GLORIA GARCÍA-CALVO Department of Medical Microbiology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain Received 20 October 1997/Returned for modification 31 December 1997/Accepted 19 February 1998 The comparative in vitro activity of the ketolide HMR 3647 (RU 66647) and those of structurally related macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin compounds (erythromycin, roxithromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, josamycin, lincomycin, pristinamycin, and quinupristin-dalfopristin) as well as those of benzylpenicillin, doxycycline, vancomycin, teicoplanin, levofloxacin, and rifapentine against 247 aerobic and facultative nonspore-forming gram-positive bacilli were determined by an agar dilution method. The ketolide was active against most organisms tested except Corynebacterium striatum, coryneform CDC group I2, and Oerskovia spp. The frequency of resistance to erythromycin and other macrolides as well as that to lincomycin was high. Pristinamycin and, to a lesser extent, quinupristin-dalfopristin were very active, but resistance to these agents was present in some strains of Rhodococcus equi, Listeria spp., C. striatum, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and Oerskovia spp. HMR 3647 was very active against all erythromycin-sensitive and many erythromycin-nonsusceptible strains, especially Corynebacterium minutissimum, Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, Corynebacterium amycolatum, and Corynebacterium jeikeium. In vitro resistance to benzylpenicillin was common, but doxycycline, vancomycin, and teicoplanin were very active against most organisms tested except E. rhusiopathiae, against which glycopeptide antibiotics were not active. The in vitro activity of levofloxacin was remarkable, but resistance to this agent was common for C. amycolatum, Corynebacterium urealyticum, C. jeikeium, and Oerskovia spp. strains. Rifapentine was also very active in vitro against many organisms, but resistance to this agent was always present in E. rhusiopathiae and was very common in C. striatum and C. urealyticum. Infections caused by Corynebacterium species and other facultative, non-spore-forming, gram-positive bacilli have emerged (3, 6, 13), and most recent studies show an alarming rate of antibiotic resistance among such organisms (6, 9, 12, 13, 15, 18). Resistance to -lactams, clindamycin, erythromycin, azythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin is quite frequent, with vancomycin, doxycycline, fusidic acid, and prystinamycin being the agents that are most active in vitro (6, 12, 13, 15, 18). Ketolides are a new class of macrolide-like antibiotics having a mechanism of action like those of macrolides but with greater in vitro activity against multidrug-resistant gram-positive organisms, including staphylococci, enterococci, pneumococci, and anaerobes (4, 5, 7, 14). In the present study we compared the in vitro activity of the ketolide HMR 3647 (RU 66647) with the activities of 14 other agents (including 8 macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotics) against more than 240 isolates of aerobic and facultative non-spore-forming gram-positive bacilli. (Part of this work has been presented at the 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 28 September to 1 October 1997 [16].) * Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Medical Microbiology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avenida de Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Phone: 34-1-544.73.87. Fax: 34-1-549.47.64. E- mail: fsoriano@microb.net. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacterial strains. A total of 210 aerobic and facultative, non-spore-forming, gram-positive bacilli isolated from clinical samples in our laboratory were examined. In addition, 37 other clinical isolates, kindly provided by L. Martínez- Martínez (Department of Microbiology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain), were also included. All strains were collected from 1987 to 1996. Prior to testing, strains were subcultured, checked for purity, and reidentified by standard techniques (2), with additional tests (6) performed if necessary. Antimicrobial agents. HMR 3647 (RU 66647), roxithromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, and rifapentine were obtained from Hoechst-Marion-Roussel (Romainville, France); lincomycin and benzylpenicillin were from Fluka Chemie AG (Buchs, Switzerland), quinupristin-dalfopristin (30/70) and pristinamycin were from Rhône-Poulenc-Rorer (Collegeville, Pa., and Vitry sur Seine, France, respectively); josamycin was from ICN Biomedicals, Inc. (Aurora, Ohio), erythromycin was from Pierrel (Milan, Italy), and doxycycline was from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo.). MIC determinations. The MICs were determined by a standard agar dilution method (11) in Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood. The plates were incubated aerobically at 35 C for 24 or 48 h, as required, to determine the MIC endpoint. Breakpoints for susceptibility were those proposed by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, as follows: erythromycin, 0.5 g/ml; clarithromycin, azythromycin, benzylpenicillin, and levofloxacin, 2 g/ml; doxycycline and vancomycin, 4 g/ml; and teicoplanin, 8 g/ml (11). For antibiotics for which the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards has no proposed breakpoint and only for comparison purposes, we used the following breakpoints for susceptibility: HMR 3647 and lincomycin, 0.5 g/ml; josamycin, roxithromycin, rifapentine, and quinupristindalfopristin, 1 g/ml; and pristinamycin, 2 g/ml (1, 7, 17). Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were used as controls and were tested up to eight times. RESULTS The results of the tests in which the MICs for the clinical isolates were determined are presented in Table 1. HMR 3647 was very active against most organisms tested (MIC at which 1028
VOL. 42, 1998 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF GRAM-POSITIVE BACILLI TO KETOLIDES 1029 TABLE 1. MICs of HMR 3647 and 14 other antimicrobial agents for aerobic and facultative non-spore-forming gram-positive bacilli Antimicrobial agent MIC ( g/ml) Range 50% 90% C. urealyticum (27) HMR 3647 0.015 4 0.25 2 Erythromycin 0.015 128 1 8 Clarithromycin 0.015 16 0.5 2 Roxithromycin 0.015 128 4 16 Azithromycin 0.015 128 1 128 Josamycin 0.03 128 32 128 Lincomycin 0.06 128 128 128 Benzylpenicillin 0.12 128 128 128 Doxycycline 0.25 32 1 16 Levofloxacin 0.12 128 8 32 Teicoplanin 0.25 0.5 0.25 0.5 Vancomycin 0.5 0.5 0.5 Rifapentine 0.015 128 0.06 8 Pristinamycin 0.06 0.25 0.12 0.25 Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.12 0.5 0.5 0.5 C. jeikeium (34) HMR 3647 0.015 128 0.12 128 Erythromycin 0.015 128 128 128 Clarithromycin 0.015 128 128 128 Roxithromycin 0.03 128 128 128 Azithromycin 0.06 128 128 128 Josamycin 0.25 128 128 128 Lincomycin 0.25 128 128 128 Benzylpenicillin 0.12 128 128 128 Doxycycline 0.12 2 0.5 2 Levofloxacin 0.12 16 0.5 8 Teicoplanin 0.12 1 1 1 Rifapentine 0.015 128 0.03 64 Pristinamycin 0.06 2 0.25 1 Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.25 2 0.5 2 C. amycolatum (37) HMR 3647 0.015 128 0.12 1 Erythromycin 0.5 128 8 128 Clarithromycin 1 128 8 128 Roxithromycin 2 128 32 128 Azithromycin 4 128 128 128 Josamycin 0.25 128 128 128 Lincomycin 128 128 128 Benzylpenicillin 0.12 128 1 64 Doxycycline 0.12 16 0.5 1 Levofloxacin 0.12 64 8 32 Teicoplanin 0.12 0.5 0.5 0.5 Rifapentine 0.015 128 0.015 8 Pristinamycin 0.06 1 0.12 0.25 Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.12 2 0.25 0.5 Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum (16) HMR 3647 0.015 0.12 0.03 0.12 Erythromycin 0.015 16 2 8 Clarithromycin 0.015 4 0.5 2 Roxithromycin 0.015 16 4 16 Azithromycin 0.015 128 16 128 Josamycin 0.03 32 4 32 Lincomycin 0.25 128 128 128 Benzylpenicillin 0.015 0.5 0.015 0.03 Doxycycline 0.12 0.25 0.25 0.25 Levofloxacin 0.25 16 0.5 0.5 Teicoplanin 0.12 2 0.25 0.25 Vancomycin 0.25 1 0.25 0.25 Rifapentine 0.015 1 0.015 0.015 Pristinamycin 0.03 1 0.06 0.12 Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.03 2 0.25 0.5 C. striatum (25) HMR 3647 0.015 64 16 32 Erythromycin 0.015 128 128 128 Clarithromycin 0.015 128 128 128 Continued on following page
1030 SORIANO ET AL. ANTIMICROB. AGENTS CHEMOTHER. TABLE 1 Continued Antimicrobial agent MIC ( g/ml) Range 50% 90% Roxithromycin 0.015 128 128 128 Azithromycin 0.03 128 128 128 Josamycin 0.06 128 128 128 Lincomycin 0.25 128 128 128 Benzylpenicillin 0.25 4 1 4 Doxycycline 0.25 32 16 16 Levofloxacin 0.12 64 2 4 Teicoplanin 0.12 0.5 0.25 0.25 Rifapentine 0.015 128 128 128 Pristinamycin 0.03 1 0.25 0.5 Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.12 2 2 2 C. minutissimum (13) HMR 3647 0.015 0.06 0.015 0.06 Erythromycin 0.015 16 0.25 16 Clarithromycin 0.015 8 0.12 8 Roxithromycin 0.03 16 0.25 8 Azithromycin 0.12 128 2 128 Josamycin 0.5 64 0.5 64 Lincomycin 0.5 128 2 128 Benzylpenicillin 0.12 32 0.25 0.5 Doxycycline 0.06 0.5 0.12 0.5 Levofloxacin 0.06 16 1 4 Teicoplanin 0.25 0.5 0.25 0.5 Rifapentine 0.015 128 0.015 128 Pristinamycin 0.06 1 0.25 0.5 Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.25 2 0.5 1 A. haemolyticum or A. pyogenes (18) HMR 3647 0.015 0.015 0.015 Erythromycin 0.015 0.015 0.015 Clarithromycin 0.015 0.015 0.015 Roxithromycin 0.015 0.03 0.015 0.03 Azithromycin 0.015 0.015 0.015 Josamycin 0.06 0.06 0.06 Lincomycin 0.03 0.12 0.06 0.06 Benzylpenicillin 0.015 0.06 0.03 0.06 Doxycycline 0.06 4 0.12 4 Levofloxacin 0.5 0.5 0.5 Teicoplanin 0.03 0.12 0.03 0.12 Rifapentine 0.015 0.015 0.015 Pristinamycin 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.03 Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.12 0.5 0.12 0.25 Listeria spp. (35) HMR 3647 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.03 Erythromycin 0.12 0.25 0.12 0.25 Clarithromycin 0.12 0.12 0.12 Roxithromycin 0.25 0.5 0.25 0.5 Azithromycin 0.25 1 0.5 1 Josamycin 1 4 2 2 Lincomycin 2 128 8 16 Benzylpenicillin 0.06 0.5 0.25 0.5 Doxycycline 0.06 0.25 0.12 0.25 Levofloxacin 0.5 2 0.5 1 Teicoplanin 0.25 0.5 0.25 0.5 Vancomycin 0.25 1 1 1 Rifapentine 0.03 64 0.06 0.12 Pristinamycin 0.5 4 1 2 Quinupristin-dalfopristin 2 16 4 4 E. rhusiopathiae (6) HMR 3647 0.015 0.015 0.015 Erythromycin 0.03 0.03 0.03 Clarithromycin 0.06 0.06 0.06 Roxithromycin 0.06 0.12 0.06 0.12 Azithromycin 0.03 0.03 0.03 Josamycin 0.5 0.5 0.5 Continued on the following page
VOL. 42, 1998 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF GRAM-POSITIVE BACILLI TO KETOLIDES 1031 TABLE 1 Continued Antimicrobial agent MIC ( g/ml) Range 50% 90% Lincomycin 0.06 1 0.06 1 Benzylpenicillin 0.06 0.06 0.06 Doxycycline 0.5 0.5 0.5 Levofloxacin 0.06 0.06 0.06 Teicoplanin 16 16 16 Vancomycin 16 16 16 Rifapentine 128 128 128 Pristinamycin 0.25 0.5 0.5 0.5 Quinupristin-dalfopristin 1 2 2 2 R. equi (16) HMR 3647 0.015 0.25 0.25 0.25 Erythromycin 0.015 0.5 0.5 0.5 Clarithromycin 0.015 0.12 0.06 0.06 Roxithromycin 0.015 0.25 0.25 0.25 Azithromycin 0.03 2 1 1 Josamycin 0.03 8 2 4 Lincomycin 0.25 16 16 16 Benzylpenicillin 0.015 8 4 8 Doxycycline 0.12 2 2 2 Levofloxacin 0.25 1 0.5 1 Teicoplanin 0.12 0.25 0.25 0.25 Vancomycin 0.12 0.5 0.25 0.5 Rifapentine 0.015 0.5 0.25 0.25 Pristinamycin 0.03 4 4 4 Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.12 8 8 8 Others (20) a HMR 3647 0.015 128 0.12 4 Erythromycin 0.015 128 16 128 Clarithromycin 0.03 128 8 128 Roxithromycin 0.03 128 32 128 Azithromycin 0.03 128 128 128 Josamycin 0.06 128 8 128 Lincomycin 0.12 128 64 128 Benzylpenicillin 0.03 128 0.25 8 Doxycycline 0.12 2 0.5 2 Levofloxacin 0.12 8 1 8 Teicoplanin 0.25 1 0.25 0.5 Vancomycin 0.12 0.5 0.25 0.5 Rifapentine 0.015 32 0.015 0.03 Pristinamycin 0.03 8 0.25 4 Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.12 16 1 8 a C. afermentans (n 5), Turicella otitidis (n 2), Brevibacterium spp. (n 5), Oerskovia spp. (n 4), and coryneform CDC group I2 (n 4). 50% of isolates are inhibited [MIC 50 ], 0.25 g/ml) except Corynebacterium striatum, coryneform CDC group I2, and Oerskovia spp. The MIC 50 and MIC 90 for Corynebacterium jeikeium were 0.12 and 128 g/ml, respectively. The frequency of resistance to erythromycin and the other macrolides tested as well as to lincomycin was very high, with the activity of clarythromycin being superior to those of the other macrolides tested. The frequency of resistance to benzylpenicillin was high, particularly in Corynebacterium urealyticum, C. jeikeium, Rhodococcus equi, Oerskovia spp., Corynebacterium afermentans, and coryneform CDC group I2. The activities of doxycycline and quinupristin-dalfopristin were also very high, although resistance to the latter was observed mainly in Listeria, R. equi, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, C. striatum, and Oerskovia strains. Levofloxacin was also very active against most strains tested except Corynebacterium amycolatum, C. urealyticum, C. jeikeium, and Oerskovia strains. Rifapentine was active against many species tested, but resistance to this agent was always present in E. rhusiopathiae and was very common in C. striatum, C. urealyticum, and C. amycolatum. Vancomycin, teicoplanin, and pristinamycin were very active against most strains tested, with only E. rhusiopathiae being resistant to glycopeptide antibiotics and some strains of R. equi, Listeria spp. (but no Listeria monocytogenes), and Oerskovia spp. being resistant to pristinamycin. The activity of the ketolide against erythromycin-susceptible and -nonsusceptible strains is represented in Table 2. HMR 3647 was very active against all erythromycinsensitive strains and 32 of the 34 (94%) erythromycin-intermediate (MICs, 1 to 4 g/ml) strains. Among the 80 erythromycin-resistant (MICs, 8 g/ml) strains tested, 44 (55%) were susceptible to HMR 3647 and the MICs for the remaining strains were 1 g/ml. Such resistance occurred mainly in C. striatum, C. urealyticum, and C. jeikeium strains, of which only 5, 17, and 61% of erythromycin-resistant strains, respectively, were inhibited by a concentration of 0.5 g HMR 3647 per ml. DISCUSSION The results of this study confirm those of previous publications showing a high incidence of erythromycin-resistant
1032 SORIANO ET AL. ANTIMICROB. AGENTS CHEMOTHER. TABLE 2. Activity of HMR 3647 against erythromycin-susceptible and nonsusceptible aerobic and facultative, non-spore-forming, gram-positive bacilli Erythromycin susceptibility a (no. of isolates) HMR 3647 MIC ( g/ml) 50% 90% C. urealyticum (27) Susceptible (11) 0.015 0.06 Nonsusceptible (16) 0.5 2 C. jeikeium (34) Susceptible (9) 0.015 0.015 Nonsusceptible (25) 0.25 128 C. amycolatum (37) Susceptible (1) Nonsusceptible (36) 0.12 0.5 C. pseudodiphtheriticum (16) Susceptible (6) 0.015 0.015 Nonsusceptible (10) 0.06 0.12 C. striatum (25) Susceptible (4) 0.015 0.015 Nonsusceptible (21) 16 32 C. minutissimum (13) Susceptible (7) 0.015 0.015 Nonsusceptible (6) 0.03 0.06 a Susceptibility was considered to be an MIC of 0.5 g/ml. strains among aerobic and facultatively anaerobic, non-sporeforming, gram-positive bacilli (12, 13, 15, 18). Therefore, erythromycin, once considered to be the drug of choice for the treatment of infections caused by these organisms, can no longer be recommended for use in treatment unless an in vitro study confirms the erythromycin susceptibility of the infecting strain. The ketolide was very active against erythromycin-susceptible strains (MIC 90 range, 0.015 to 0.25 g/ml). On the other hand its activity against erythromycin-nonsusceptible strains varied (MIC 90 and MIC 50 ranges, 0.06 to 128 and 0.03 to 16 g/ml, respectively). Most erythromycin-intermediate strains (94%) were susceptible to the ketolide, as were 55% of the erythromycin-resistant strains. Resistance to HMR 3647 was particularly common among erythromycin-resistant strains of C. striatum and C. urealyticum. Macrolides other than erythromycin showed activity similar to that obtained with erythromycin, with clarithromycin being much more active due not only to its higher susceptibility breakpoint (2 g/ml) but also to its greater intrinsic activity. Lincomycin was active against all Arcanobacterium haemolyticum and Arcanobacterium pyogenes strains as well as many strains of E. rhusiopathiae. Pristinamycin was very active against most strains tested, with only some strains of R. equi, Listeria spp., and Oerskovia spp. being resistant to this drug. The in vitro activity of quinupristin-dalfopristin (both drugs are pristinamycin derivatives) was similar to that of pristinamycin, although the MIC of pristinamycin was two to eight times lower than those obtained with the combination derivatives. The combination quinupristin-dalfopristin has recently been tested against L. monocytogenes and C. jeikeium (1, 10, 14), and the MICs were slightly lower than (1, 10) or similar to (14) those that we obtained for C. jeikeium. However, published data for L. monocytogenes indicate that the MIC 90 s for this strain are between 1 and 2 g/ml (1, 10, 14), while our results gave slightly higher MIC 90 s(4 g/ml). Resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotics was probably due to target modification (erythromycin, josamycin, and lincomycin resistance) in most strains (8). However, resistance from drug inactivation (lincomycin resistance and erythromycin and josamycin sensitivity) probably occurred in C. jeikeium, C. striatum, C. minutissimum, R. equi, and Listeria spp. (8). In addition, resistance to macrolide-lincosamidestreptogramin antibiotics due to other non-well-defined mechanisms may have been present in C. urealyticum, C. minutissimum, R. equi, and Listeria spp. The data obtained with glycopeptide antibiotics (vancomycin and teicoplanin), doxycycline, and pristinamycin confirm those presented in previously published reports describing the marked activities of these compounds (12, 15). On the other hand, our data also indicate that benzylpenicillin remains very active against many organisms but not against C. urealyticum, C. jeikeium, R. equi, and Oerskovia spp. so that it can be used, alone or in combination with aminoglycosides, for the treatment of infections, including endocarditis, caused by penicillinsusceptible organisms. Data on the in vitro activity of levofloxacin against the organisms studied are scarce, and this antibiotic is very active against many species but not against C. amycolatum, C. urealyticum, and C. jeikeium. Although this study does not compare the activity of levofloxacin with those of other quinolones, the results obtained in this study are very similar to those published previously for the activity of ciprofloxacin against other gram-positive bacilli (9, 13, 15). Rifapentine was very active against most organisms tested, although resistance in E. rhusiopathiae and isolates of C. urealyticum and C. striatum was quite common. The results with rifapentine are very similar to those previously published for rifampin against coryneform organisms (13, 15). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported by a grant from Hoechst-Marion-Roussel. G.G.C. was a recipient of a scholarship from the Fundación Conchita Rábago, Madrid, Spain. REFERENCES 1. Barry, A. L., P. C. Fuchs, and S. D. Brown. 1997. Provisional interpretive criteria for quinupristin/dalfopristin susceptibility tests. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 39(Suppl. A):87 92. 2. Clarridge, J. E., and C. A. Spiegel. 1995. Corynebacterium and miscellaneous irregular gram-positive rods, Erysipelothrix, and Gardnerella, p. 357 378. In P. R. Murray, E. J. Baron, M. A. Pfaller, F. C. Tenover, and R. H. Yolken (ed.), Manual of clinical microbiology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. 3. Coyle, M. B., and B. A. Lipsky. 1990. Coryneform bacteria in infectious diseases: clinical and laboratory aspects. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 3:227 246. 4. Ednie, L. M., S. K. Spangler, M. R. Jacobs, and P. Appelbaum. 1997. Susceptibilities of 228 penicillin- and erythromycin-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci to RU 64004, a new ketolide, compared with susceptibilities to 16 other agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:1033 1036. 5. Ednie, L. M., S. K. Spangler, M. R. Jacobs, and P. C. Appelbaum. 1997. Antianaerobic activity of the ketolide RU 64004 compared to activities of four macrolides, five -lactams, clindamycin, and metronidazole. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:1037 1041. 6. Funke, G., A. von Graevenitz, J. E. Clarridge III, and K. A. Bernard. 1997. Clinical microbiology of coryneform bacteria. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10:125 159. 7. Jamjian, C., D. J. Biedenbach, and R. N. Jones. 1997. In vitro evaluation of a novel ketolide antimicrobial agent, RU-64004. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:454 459. 8. Leclercq, R., and P. Courvalin. 1991. Intrinsic and unusual resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin antibiotics in bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35:1273 1276. 9. Martínez-Martínez, L., A. I. Suárez, M. C. Ortega, and E. J. Perea. 1994. Comparative in vitro activities of new quinolones against coryneform bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:1439 1441. 10. Moore, L. S., B. Schneider, and W. J. Holloway. 1997. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of quinupristin/dalfopristin against clinical isolates of Corynebacterium jeikeium and Listeria monocytogenes. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 39(Suppl. A):67 68. 11. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 1997. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically, 4th ed. Approved standard. NCCLS document M7-A4. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Villanova, Pa. 12. Philippon, A., and F. Bimet. 1990. In vitro susceptibility of Corynebacterium group D2 and Corynebacterium jeikeium to twelve antibiotics. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 9:892 895.
VOL. 42, 1998 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF GRAM-POSITIVE BACILLI TO KETOLIDES 1033 13. Riegel, P., R. Ruimy, R. Christen, and H. Monteil. 1996. Species identities and antimicrobial susceptibilities of corynebacteria isolated from various clinical sources. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 15:657 662. 14. Schülin, T., C. B. Wennersten, R. C. Moellering, Jr., and G. M. Eliopoulos. 1997. In vitro activity of RU 64004, a new ketolide antibiotic, against grampositive bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:1196 1202. 15. Soriano, F., J. Zapardiel, and E. Nieto. 1995. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Corynebacterium species and other non-spore-forming gram-positive bacilli to 18 antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39: 208 214. 16. Soriano, F., R. Calvo, and R. Fernández-Roblas. 1997. In vitro activity of ketolide HMR 3647 (RU 66647) against gram-positive bacilli, abstr. F-118, p. 166. In Program and abstracts of the 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. 17. Statement 1996 CA-SFM. 1996. Zone sizes and MIC breakpoints for nonfastidious organisms. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2(Suppl. 1):46 49. 18. Williams, D. Y., S. T. Selepak, and V. J. Gill. 1993. Identification of clinical isolates of nondiphtherial Corynebacterium species and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 17:23 28.