Chapter 4 Objective & Research Methodology of the Study 4.1] Introduction The current chapter details about research methodology used in the present study to arrive at desired results. This chapter includes in detail about statement of research problem, objectives, research design, sampling and sampling criteria, variables considered, hypothesis formulation, measures and statistical testing tools used. There are numerousmain questions that require importantdeliberation by individual who do research. These question can range from How to What type of Research? But the answers can be only one to all questions i.e. Why research? Multiple reasons can be assigned why researchers are doing research and why they have selected any topic based on various methodologies i.e. qualitative, quantitative or combination of both. Research consists of 1. Redefining or defining research problems 2. Hypothesis formulation 3. Collecting information or data 4. Arranging, organizing, analyzing and evaluating data or information 5. Making inferencesor assumption and completing or reaching conclusions;
6. In the last, careful test of conclusions and to see whether they are in sync with hypothesis. As per Kothari, research process follows below steps. (1) Statement of the research problems: Formulating (2) Widespread survey of literature (3) Hypothesis Design and development (4) Preparation and design for the research (5) Determination and Definingdesign for sample (6) Data Collection (7) Project execution (8) Data analysis (9) Testing of hypothesis (10) Interpreting and generalization,and (11) Report or presentation preparation of findings and results i.e. reaching conclusion The objective of the current chapter is to provide detail understanding of all the previously discussed issues and processes. This chapter will provide broad framework and way forward for analysis of data for thesis.
4.2] Aim of the Study The fundamental aim, purpose and target of this study are to compare, examine and measure the emotional intelligence level of alcoholics & drug addicts with non-alcoholics & non-drug addicts. It also tries to find the personality of both categories i.e. alcoholics & drug addicts and non-alcoholics & non-drug addicts. 4.3] Statement of Research Problem The formulation and construction of research problem is indeed is the first step towards scientific enquiry. This consists of thoroughly understanding problem and rephrasing in meaningful terms which can be further taken for testing and analysis. Hernon & Metoiyer-Duran, in 1993 had found 9characteristics that respondents related with statement of problem or problems. 1. Clarity and precision (a well-written statement does not make sweeping generalizations and irresponsible statements); 2. Identification of what would be studied, while avoiding the use of value-laden words and terms; 3. Identification of an overarching question and key factors or variables; 4. Identification of key concepts and terms; 5. Articulation of the study's boundaries or parameters; 6. Some generalizability;
7. Conveyance of the study's importance, benefits, and justification (regardless of the type of research, it is important to address the so what question and to demonstrate that the research is not trivial); 8. No use of unnecessary jargon; and 9. Conveyance of more than the mere gathering of descriptive data providing a snapshot. The research problem of the current study is - A comparative study of emotional intelligence and personality of alcoholics & drug addicts and non-alcoholics and non-drug addicts. 4.4] Objective of the Study It is extremely important to clearly specify the objective of the study as it generally describe the researcher s goal which he/she want to attain in the study and inform the reader accordingly. The objectives of the present research are: 1) To measure the status of emotional intelligence among alcoholics& drug addicts and nonalcoholics & non-drug addicts. 2) To assess the personality among alcoholics& drug addicts and non-alcoholics & non-drug addicts.
3) To observe at the factors affecting the emotional intelligence & personality in the drug addicts & alcoholics. 4.5] Hypothesis of the Study The next important step, after objective and research problem is the formulation of working hypothesis. Working hypothesis is cautiousstatementprepared which can be tested for its empirical and logical consequences. The manner in which formulation and construction of hypothesis is taken place is very crucial as it provide central focus to problem of research and also decide quality of data and its analysis tools. This also charts out future plan of action. The working hypothesis should be very precise and concentrate only on research problem. Various stages have been provided in literature for testing of Hypothesis or Hypotheses.. Stage(A):Formulation ofhypotheses: We assume a value for null hypothesis, which is true. And stating alternative hypothesis if we assume null hypothesis is wrong. Null Hypothesis is indicated by H 0 : It is normal assumption for no relationship, no variations, no change etc. In against Null Hypothesis, Alternative Hypothesis is indicated by H 1 : It is assumption for existence of relationship, variations, change etc.
Stage(B):Decision Making Criteria: for this decide the level of significanceto testhypothesis. This is the one of the criterion to judge the value and decide results acceptance. It is the statistical measures, using this one hypothesis (Null or Alternative) is rejected or accepted. This values normally is set at 5% significance level. Stage (C):Test-Statistic Calculation and Computation. This is to decide whether resultant outcomes should be rejected or accepted for Null Hypothesis. Stage(D):DecisionMaking: We can decide on null hypothesis by using the value of test statistic The following are the five main hypotheses formulated in the present study. 1) Emotional intelligence of drug addicts & alcoholics would be significantly lower than that of non alcoholics & non drug addicts. 2) The alcoholics & drug addicts would score high on Neuroticism as compared to the non alcoholics & non drug addicts. 3) The alcoholics & drug addicts would score low on Extraversion as compared to the non alcoholics & non drug addicts.
4) The alcoholics & drug addicts would score high on Psychoticism as compared to the non alcoholics & non drug addicts. 5) The personality development would be better in non-addicts than addicts. Fifth hypothesis is qualitative in nature and will draw support from the results obtained from above mentioned four hypotheses. In this hypothesis, we will conclude analysis and results of previous four hypotheses. Operational Hypothesis of the Current Study As explained earlier, hypothesis is divided into two segment 1) null hypothesis and 2) alternative hypothesis. Our hypothesis are defined as below Hypothesis 1] Null Hypothesis (H 0 ): There is no difference in the emotional intelligence levels of drug addicts & alcoholics and emotional intelligence levels of non-drug addicts & non-alcoholics. Alternative Hypothesis (H 1 ): Emotional intelligence of drug addicts and alcoholics would be significantly lower than that of non alcoholics & non-drug addicts. Hypothesis 2] Null Hypothesis (H 0 ): There is no difference between score onneuroticism of alcoholics & drug addicts and score onneuroticism of non alcoholics & non-drug addicts.
Alternative Hypothesis (H 1 ): The alcoholics & drug addicts would score high on Neuroticism as compared to the non alcoholics & drug addicts. Hypothesis 3] Null Hypothesis (H 0 ): There is no difference between score onextraversion of alcoholics & drug addicts and score onextraversion of non alcoholics & non-drug addicts. Alternative Hypothesis (H 1 ): The alcoholics & drug addicts would score low on Extraversion as compared to the non alcoholics & drug addicts. Hypothesis 4] Null Hypothesis (H 0 ): There is no difference between score onpsychoticism of alcoholics & drug addicts and score onpsychoticism of non alcoholics & non-drug addicts Alternative Hypothesis (H 1 ): The alcoholics & drug addicts would score high on Psychoticism as compared to the non alcoholics &non drug addicts. Hypothesis 5] Null Hypothesis (H 0 ): There is no difference between personality development of alcoholics & drug addicts and non-alcoholics & non-drug addicts.
Alternative Hypothesis (H 1 ): The personality development would be better in non-alcoholics & nondrug addicts than alcoholics & drug addicts. 4.6] Methodology of the Present Study This section tries to explain the research methodology adopted for the current study in detail which includes research design, sampling, operation definition of sample, sample selection criteria, measuring tools, variables considered and statistical tools used. 4.6.1] Research Design This is the most critical part of the methodology and detail about research design adopted for this study has been presented. Polit & Hungler (1999) described the research design as a blueprint, or outline, or conducting the study in such a way that maximum control will be exercised over factors that could interfere with the validity of the research results. Designing a study helps researchers to plan and implement the study in a way that will help them obtain the intended results, thus increasing the chances of obtaining information that could be associated with the real situation (Burns & Grove, 2001). In present study, researcher has used the 2x2 Factorial Research Design. Factorial research designs are used in experiments where the effects of varying more than one factor are to be determined (Kothari, 2004).
4.6.2] Sampling Sampling is the procedure of choosing units from a larger set of population in the area of our research. This is done in order to generalize results for entire population. For quantitative part of this study, the purposive sampling method has been used for sample selection. For the current study, 50 (fifty) samples for each category i.e. drug addicts, alcoholics, nonalcoholics and non drug addicts has been considered i.e. in total of 200 sample considered. In the current research, the demographic characteristics of non-alcoholics & non-drug addicts and alcoholics & drug addicts are presented in selection criteria. Sample Selection Criteria Selection of sample has followed below mentioned criteria. Gender: For gender, sample of only male has been considered. Qualification: Only Graduates and above (degree holder) have been considered Employment: The entire sample selected was working either for Government sector or non-government or private sector.
Age limit: The age limit for the both category would be 21-55 years. Location: Sample has been collected from the various rehabilitation centers and hospitals with psychiatric setup along with de-addiction centre in Mumbai, Thane and Pune. Socio-Economic Background: Entire sample is selected from Upper Middle Class Following table showing the short summary of sample:- Table 4.1: Sample Categories and Sample Size Sample Substance (S) Alcoholic (S1) Drug (S2) Total Category (C) Addicts (C1) 50 50 100 Non-Addicts (C2) 50 50 100 Total 100 100 200 While the prime focus of the current research is to estimate the significance level of variation in average score for emotional intelligence and personality between addicts (alcoholics & drug addicts) and non-addicts (non alcoholics &non drug addicts), the analysis has also covered to find out whether there is any significant variation between types of substance (alcohol and drugs) use or not.
The definition of alcohol & drug addiction and substance dependence are given below for illustrative purpose. Alcohol addiction: Habitual intoxication, prolonged & excessive intake of alcohol which may lead to breakdown in psychological & physiological health. Drug addiction:it is the obsessive use of a drugs or substance in spite its negative or hazardous psychological effects. It says that the individualrequires drug to normally act and function if not then it will lead to withdrawal symptoms. Substance dependence: When personcontinuesto use alcohol or some other drugs in spite of problem related to use of substance, then substance dependence may be identified. Poly-substance: It refers to a type disorder in wherein person uses at least 3multiple classes of substances in discriminately. It s not having any preferred drug which is eligible for dependence on its own 4.6.3] Operational Definition of Sample 1. Addicts Alcohol: Who was consuming excessive quantity of alcohol since last five years on a regular basis is considered as Alcohol Addict (Alcoholics).
Drugs: Who was consuming excessive quantity of drugs (ploy-substance) since last five years on a regular basis is considered as Drug Addict. 2. Non-Addicts Alcohol: Who have taken alcohol for some time in their life and left is considered as Non Alcoholics (Non Alcohol Addicts). Drugs: Who have taken drugs (ploy-substance) for some time in their life and left is considered as Non Drug Addicts. 4.6.4] Variables under the Study Following variables under the study in research A) Independent Variable:- 1. Alcoholics & drugs addicts 2. Non alcoholics & non-drugs addicts B) Dependent Variable:- 1. Emotional Intelligence Score 2. Personality Score 4.6.5] Measuring Tools In the current study, two scales have been used to estimatethe emotional intelligence level and personality of alcoholics & drug addicts and non-alcoholics & drug-addicts.
1) Mangal Emotional Intelligence Inventory (MEII) 2) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Revised (EPQ-R) 1) Mangal Emotional Intelligence Inventory (MEII) In order to measure and assess the emotional intelligence among drug addicts & alcoholics and non-alcoholics & non-drug addicts, Mangal Emotional Intelligence Inventory scale has been used. It is a hundred questions survey to measure the emotional intelligence level in people. Mangal Emotional Intelligence Inventory has been developed by Dr. S.K. Mangal (M.D. University, Rohtak) and Mrs. Shubhra Mangal (C.R.S. College of education, NOIDA). Emotional Intelligence Inventory has been designed for the male and female for the measurement of their Emotional Intelligence (total as well as separately) in respect of four areas or aspects of Emotional Intelligence namely, Intra-Personal Awareness (knowing about one s own emotion) Inter-Personal Awareness (knowing about others emotion), Intra-Personal Management (managing one s own emotion) and Inter-Personal Management (managing others emotion). Each area/aspect has 25 items each and 100 in total. Reliability of test is 0.92 (Test Retest method) and validity of this test are 0.71 from inter-validity formula. The mode of response to each of the item of the inventory is in the form of a forced choice i.e. either YES or NO, indicating complete agreement or disagreement with the proposed statement respectively. In the present Emotional Intelligence Inventory, thus, there are item where the
responses YES is indicative of the presence of Emotional Intelligence and NO for the lack of Emotional Intelligence. Similarly, there are items where NO responses provides clue for the presence of Emotional Intelligence and YES for its absence. Table 4.2: Aspects of Mangal Emotional Intelligence Inventory Sr. No Aspects No. of Items 1 2 3 4 Intra-Personal Awareness (Knowing about one s own emotions) - Part 1 Inter-Personal Awareness (Knowing about others emotions) - Part 2 Intra-Personal Management (Managing one s own emotions) - Part 3 Inter-Personal Management (Managing others emotions) - Part 4 5 Total items 100 25 25 25 25
Table 4.3: Scoring Scheme of Emotional Intelligence Inventory Sr. No. of Items Mode of Response Score Where YES response shows presence of Emotional Intelligence 6, 18, 19, 20, 23 to 25, 27 to 29, 31, 41 to 44, 51 to 56, 58 to 68, 70, 71, 73 to 76 79 to 82, 84, 88 to 90, 96, 99 Where NO response shows presence of Emotional Intelligence 1 to 5, 7 to 17, 21, 22, 26, 30, 32 to 40, 45 to 50, 57, 69, 72, 77, 78, 83, 85 to 87, 91 to 95, 97, 98, 100 YES 1 NO 0 NO 1 YES 0 Scoring can be done by hand or with the help of stencil. For scoring one mark is to be provided for the response indicating presence of Emotional Intelligence and zero for the absence of Emotional Intelligence. Subject s scores denoting his level of emotional intelligence may also be interpreted (area wise as well as total).
Table 4.4: Classification of Emotional Intelligence in Terms of Categories
Table 4.5: Classification of Emotional Intelligence in Terms of Categories in Four Areas
2) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Revised (EPQ-R) Further, to assess the personality of drug addicts & alcoholics and controlled group, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Revised (EPQ-R) will be used. The EPQ measures the traits of personality: Psychoticism (P),(Extraversion),Neuroticism (N)and Lie (L). Reliability ranges are 0.80 to 0.90 and validity of test is satisfactory. Psychoticism: It describes the personality as looking and liking abnormal, odd and unfamiliar things, aggressive to others sensation, lacking in sensation and responsiveness, cruel, troublesome and solitary. Neuroticism: It describes the personality as his or her obligation to neurotic collapse under stress, his or her emotional over-responsiveness and as a general emotional liabilityof an individual. Extraversion: It describes personality as sociable pro-clivition of individual, uninhibited,outspoken and out-going. EPQ-R contains 90 items and covers all the four categories above mentioned. Scoring of EPQ-R can be done manually or with the help of stencils. 1 mark for each response correct responses according to scoring key of EPQ-R.
Table 4.6 Scoring Key of EPQ-R Scale Mode of Response Sr. No. of Items Score PSYCHOTICISM NO 2, 6, 9, 11, 18, 53, 57, 61, 71, 90 YES 22, 26, 30, 33, 43, 46, 50, 65, 67, 74, 76, 79, 83, 87 1 NO Nil NEUROTICISM YES 3, 7, 12, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 34, 37, 38, 41, 47, 54, 58, 62, 66, 68, 72, 75, 77, 80, 84, 88 1 EXTRAVERSION LIE SCALE NO 21, 29, 42 YES NO 1, 5, 10, 14, 17, 25, 32, 36, 40, 45, 49, 52, 56, 60, 64, 70, 82, 86 4, 8, 16, 24, 28, 39, 44, 48, 51, 59, 63, 69, 73, 81, 85 YES 13, 20, 35, 55, 78, 89 1 1 After calculation of raw scores of P E N L, there is a conversion table to convert raw scores into Sten Scores.
Table 4.7: Conversion of Raw Scores into Sten Scores STEN P E N L 1-1-4 - - 2-5-6 1-2 - 3-7-8 3-4 1-2 4 1-2 9-11 5-7 3-4 5 3 12-13 8-9 5-6 6 4-5 14-16 10-12 7-8 7 6-7 17-18 13-14 9-10 8 8 19-20 15-17 11-13 9 9-10 21 18-19 14-15 10 11-25 - 20-23 16-21 The score of 5-6 denotes average strength of the factor (PENL), score above 6 i,e from 7-10,express gradually the greater strength of the factor and score below 5, i.e from 1-4, indicates gradual decrease of strength.
4.6.6] Statistical Techniques for Data Analysis Scores of both scales (Mangal Emotional Intelligence Rating Scale and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Revised (EPQ-R)) has been calculated for alcoholics & drug addicts and non alcoholics & non drug addicts, using recommended methods. These results & findings are then compared with various other findings available in literature. Further, in the current research, 2x2 Factorial ANOVA technique and t-test will be used for data analysis. The statistical analysis has been done in the SPSS statistical software. The detailed technical explanation of 2x2 Factorial ANOVA and t-test has been presented in technical appendix.