2 Contributions to Human Development (Successor to 'Sibliotheca "Vita Humana"') Series Editors: K.F. Riegel, Vancouver, B.C., and H. Thomae, Bonn Dialectic Humanistic Rationale for Behavior and Development Volume Editor: J.F. Rychlak, West Lafayette, Ind. S. Karger Basel Mnchen Paris London New York Sydney Dialectic Contributions to Human Development Vol. 2 Series Editors K. F. Riegel, Vancouver, B. C., and H. Thomae, Bonn S. Karger Basel Mnchen Paris London New York Sydney Dialectic Humanistic Rationale for Behavior and Development Volume Editor J. F Rychlak Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. S. Karger Basel Mnchen Paris London New York Sydney 1976 Contributions to Human Development (Successor to 'Bibliotheca "Vita Humana"') Vol. 1: Thomae, H. and Endo, T. (Bonn), ed.: The Adolescent and His Environment.
Contributions to an Ecology of Teen-Age Behavior. VI + 1l0p., 6 fig., 6 tab., 1974. ISBN 3-8055-1651-7 Cataloging in Publication Dialectic: humanistic rationale for behavior and development Volume editor, J.F. Rychlak. Basel, New York, Karger, 1976. (Contributions to human development, v. 2) 1. Behavior 2. Psychological Theory 1. Rychlak, Joseph F., ed. II. Series W1 C0778S v. 2/BF 204 D536 ISBN 3-8055-2288-6 All rights, including that of translation into other languages, reserved. Photomechanic reproduction (photocopy, microcopy) of this book or parts thereof without special permission of the publishers is prohibited. Copyright 1976 by S. Karger AG, Basel (Switzerland), Arnold-Bcklin-Strasse 25 Printed in Switzerland by Thr AG Offsetdruck, Pratteln ISBN 3-8055-2288-6 Contents Chap. Contributors to the volume..................................... VIII Introduction...................................................... X 1 Rychlak, J. F. (West Lafayette, Ind.): The Multiple Meanings of Dialectic 1 2 Sardello, R. J. (Dallas, Tex.): The Dialectic as an Approach to Psychological Aesthetics......................................................... 18 3 Sardello, R. J. (Dallas, Tex.): Dialectics and the Psychology of Laughter 26 4 Rychlak, J. F. (West Lafayette, Ind.): Sigmund Freud: The Reluctant Dialectician....................................................... 34 5 Datan, N. (Morgantown, W. Va.): Male and Female: The Search for Synthesis.......................................................... 44 6 Hogan, R (Baltimore, Md.): Dialectical Aspects of Moral Development 53 7 Riegel, K. F. (Vancouver, B. C.): Dialectical Operations of Cognitive Development...................................................... 60 8 Kuo, You-yuh (Muncie, Ind.): Chinese Dialectical Thought and Character 72 9 Kvale, S. (Risskov): Facts and Dialectics............................... 87 10 Loureno, S. V. (London): The Dialectic and Qualitative Methodology. 101 11 Mancuso, J. C (Albany, N. Y.): Dialectic Man as a Subject in Psychological Research..........................................................113 12 Rychlak, J. F. (West Lafayette, Ind.): A Summing Up................... 126
Cross-References...................................................142 Subject Index......................................................152 Name Index.......................................................156 Acknowledgment is made for permission to reprint the following materials: Copyright 1956 by The David McKay Co., Inc. From the book Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, handbook I: The Cognitive Domain, edited by B. S. Bloom. Reprinted with permission of the publishers. From The Origins of Psycho-Analysis: Letters to Wilhelm Fliess, Draft and Notes: 1887-1902, by Sigmund Freud, Edited by Marie Bonaparte, Anna Freud, Ernst Kris, Authorized Translation by Eric Mosbacher and James Strachey, (c) 1954 by Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, New York. From T. S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Second Edition, Copyright 1962, 1970, by the University of Chicago Press, Chicago. From Ulric Neisser, Cognitive Psychology, Copyright 1967. Reprinted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. From J. Piaget, Play, Dreams and Imitation in Childhood. Copyright 1962. Reprinted by permission of W. W. Norton & Co., New York and Routledge & Kegan Paul, London. Reprinted by permission of Yale University Press from William Faulkner: The Yoknapatawpha Country by Cleanth Brooks. Copyright (c) 1963 by Yale University. Dedicated to the great dialecticians of history, including Socrates MoTi Nagarjuna Saint Augustine Maimonides Hegel Kierkegaard Marx Freud Contributors to the Volume Nancy Datan was born in Chicago, and took her MA and PhD degrees at the University of Chicago. A 10-year sojourn as a permanent resident of Israel separates her two graduate degrees; and in this interval her research as well as her experiences in transition between two cultures led to a commitment to the study of universally shaped and culturally mediated processes in personality development
over the adult portion of the life cycle. She is presently a member of the Department of Psychology at West Virginia University. Robert Hogan was born in Los Angeles, attended the University of California at Los Angeles, and took his PhD at the University of California at Berkeley. He is interested in personality theory, personality assessment, and moral development. He is currently on the faculty of Psychology at The Johns Hopkins University. Steinar Kvale is Norwegian. He took the doctoral degree at the University of Oslo, and is presently teaching at the University of Aarhus in Denmark. Dr. Kvale was a research Scholar at the University of Heidelberg and he has been a visiting professor at Duquesne University. He has published works on memory and examinations, reflecting a phenomenological and dialectical approach to psychology. Susan V. Loureno was born in England and obtained MA degrees at both Oxford and Columbia Universities before taking the doctoral degree at the University of Chicago. She was a Program Director with the Center for the Teaching Professions, Northwestern University, as well as an Assistant Professor in the School of Education. Dr. Loureno has considerable experience as an educator and researcher. She is now an Associate Professor of Psychology in the European Division of George Peabody's Overseas Human Development Counseling Program. Her published work reflects the themes of social dynamics, conflict, values, and the educational process. Contributors to the Volume IX James C Mancuso followed a standard educational program to complete his PhD at the University of Rochester, N. Y. Five years of effort to use psychological formulations in applied settings convinced him that psychologists first need to evolve a cohesive view of persons, and he therefore assumed an academic career at the State University of New York at Albany. In his position as Professor of Psychology he explores personality theories and investigates problems related to the development of person-construing processes. Klaus F. Riegel obtained his doctoral degree at the University of Hamburg and has been in the United States since that time, first at the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, and then at the University of Michigan. Dr. Riegel is known for his work in psychological gerontology and developmental psychology with an emphasis on language and cognition. During recent years he has revived his long-term interest in theoretical and historical studies of individual and social changes. Joseph F. Rychlak took the doctoral degree at The Ohio State University and is now Professor of Psychology at Purdue University. Trained as a clinical psychologist and psychotherapist, Dr. Rychlak gradually moved to an interest in
the basic learning principles involved in human behavior. His Logical Learning Theory has been framed as a humanistic alternative to the prevalent mechanistic learning theories of modern psychology. Robert J. Sardello received his BA degree from St. Mary's University in San Antonio, Tex., and his MS and PhD in Experimental Psychology from Saint Louis University. At present he is Chairman of the Department of Psychology and Director of the Graduate Program of Psychology in the Institute of Philosophic Studies at the University of Dallas. He has written in the areas of human learning and cognitive development, imagination, fantasy, memory, laughter, myth, and hermeneutics. His current work centers on a psychological hermeneutics of classical mythology, relating this work to the tradition of depth psychology. Kuo You-yuh, born and reared in China, earned his doctoral degree at the University of Maryland. Now on the faculty of Psychology at Ball State University, he has published articles in American and Chinese journals on the themes of educational philosophy, juvenile delinquency, and creativity. He is also interested in a dialectical theory of motivation and in translating learning principles and theories into practical teaching strategies for developing intellectual abilities. Addresses of the Contributors Nancy Datan, PhD, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 (USA) Robert Hogan, PhD, Department of Psychology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 (USA) Steinar Kvale, PhD, Institute of Psychology, University of Aarhus, 4 Asylvej, 8240 Risskov, Denmark You-Yuh Kuo, Ed. D., Department of Educational Psychology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306 (USA) Susan V. Loureno, PhD, George Peabody College for Teachers, Program in Human Development Counseling, Peabody Regional Center, APO, NY 09194 (USA) James Mancuso, PhD, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12203 (USA) Klaus F. Riegel, PhD, Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T lw5 (Canada) Joseph F. Rychlak, PhD, Dept. of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA) Robert J. Sardello, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Dallas, Irving, TX 75060 (USA) Introduction
This book has one unifying theme, which frames its purpose and invites the reader to challenge his or her thinking concerning just what a science of humanity should have to account for. We are trying to publicize the currently underestimated and often misunderstood concept of dialectic in psychological theorizing. Although it is not essential for dialectical theories to be humanisms, it is my personal belief that there are several compelling reasons for describing human behavior less mechanistically if we but acknowledge the dialectical side to it. No properly educated social scientist today should presume to speak for the behavior of human beings without a good understanding of the dialectical meta-construct. Yet few modern psychological theorists seem aware of its existence in the history of thought, much less employ its heuristic benefits in their formal views. So, there is much work to be done by those of us who find this side to the human image essential. The hope is that this volume as a first effort will lay down a general direction which others can follow who see the necessity of dealing with all aspects of human behavior and development. Five of the chapters in this volume were delivered as papers at the 80th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association (Honolulu, Hawaii, September 1972). Two of the chapters have appeared in print before, although they have been edited considerably, and one of these was written initially for this volume. Six chapters are entirely new writings, neither appearing in print before nor having been delivered as talks. The writing and editing has proven to be a pleasant experience, with the contributors marvelously helpful and even dedicated to their task. The pleasure and ease of this work was undoubtedly due to the fact that my wife, Lenora, took on much of the editorial responsibility. I would sincerely like to thank her for her efforts. Joseph F. Rychlak