Vitamin dan Mineral Pengetahuan Bahan Agroindustri Vitamin Organic compound required in small amounts Divided into two major groups: fat soluble and water soluble fat soluble : Vitamin A, D, E, K water soluble Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, Vit C General Concepts fat soluble: A, D, E, K 1
VITAMIN LARUT LEMAK Vitamin A - Retinol Retinol Beta carotene Sources in diet - Many plants (photoreceptors), also meat, especially liver. Fat soluble, so you can get too much, or too little if absorption is a problem, fish oils requirement level = 1,000 I.U. (international units) retinol + opsin (protein) = rhodopsin (vision) Vitamin D 3 : cholecalciferol Vitamin D found as ergocalciferol (D 2 ) and cholecalciferol (D 3 ) D 3 primarily used as precursor for calcium regulation Vitamin D3 can be obtained in diet, or derived from cholesterol in a reaction that requires UV light Vitamin D is also important for immune system function 2
Vitamin E: tocopherol Active form is alpha tocopherol good antioxidant: most feed antioxidants have vit E activity, but only 1/6 that of -tocopherol antioxidants used to prevent oxidation of lipids (mainly phospholipids, PUFA s) requirement is tied to selenium deficiency (Se is cofactor in glutathione peroxidase) sources: alfalfa meal, fish meal, rice bran, wheat middlings, barley grains Vitamin K: menadione Originally identified as a fat-soluble factor required for normal blood clotting menadione is the most active form dietary sources: alfalfa meal, liver meal Sources are vegetables and fruits, deficiency is rare Vitamin Larut Air 3
Vitamin B1 - Thiamine Found in a wide variety of foods, including meat, grains. Deficiency causes beriberi (muscle atrophy, neurological problems). thiamine (B 1 ) Function: metabolism of COH sources: brewers yeast, wheat middlings, rice bran, rice polishings, wheat bran, soybean meal deficiency: central nervous system failure Riboflavin: B 2 Function: metabolic degradation of proteins, COH, lipids sources: plants, bacteria, yeast, fish solubles Riboflavin is a precursor for FAD and FMN 4
Niacin - Vitamin B3 - nicotinic acid Function: transport of hydrogen ions as NADP, NADPH; electron transport, fatty acid, cholestrol synthesis forms: niacin, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide sources: rice polishings, yeast, rice bran Vitamin B5 - pantothenic acid Vitamin B6 - pyridoxine 5
Vitamin B7 - Biotin Used in fatty acid synthesis, also other functions Folic Acid - Vitamin B9 Recently shown as very important for pregnant females to avoid birth defects function: synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, nucleic acids sources: yeast, alfalfa meal, full-fat soybeans Deficiency in pregnancy causes neural tube defects. Folic acid is now added to many grain products in the US Cyanocobalmine - Vitamin B12 chemically complex, cobalt nucleus function: coenzyme in metabolic reactions, maturation of erythrocytes, uracil->thymine deficiency: pernicious anemia, nerve disorders Sources are meat, milk and eggs 6
Ascorbic Acid: Vitamin C function: antioxidant, stress reducer, bone calcification, iron metab, tyrosine metab, blood clotting sources: synthesized from glucose, usually added as chemical form Required for collagen synthesis, and as a cofactor for several enzymes. Also scavenges oxygen radicals. Sources of vitamin C are fruit and fresh meat Preliminary Concepts Minerals are inorganic elements found in the body not all of them are essential and probably are there simply because of ingestion of feed dietary requirement has been demonstrated for at least 22 in one or more species those required in large quantities are known as macro or major minerals those required in trace quantities are known as trace minerals or elements 7
Preliminary Concepts Major: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorine and sulfur Trace: iron, iodine, manganese, copper, cobalt, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, fluorine, aluminum, nickel, vanadium, silicon, tin and chromium determination of dietary or tissue mineral levels is via combustion and collection of residual ash Principle Mineral Constituents Element Percent calcium 1.33 phosphorus 0.74 sodium 0.16 potassium 0.19 chlorine 0.11 magnesium 0.04 sulfur 0.15 Calcium and Phosphorus Ca and P are two of the major inorganic constituents of feeds Ca: essential for blood clotting, muscle function, proper nerve pulse transmission, osmoregulation P: component of ADP, ATP, P-lipids, DNA, RNA Phosphates serve as ph buffer systems 8
Calcium (Macro) -Maintains strength of bones and teeth -Milk -Milk & dairy products -Dark green leafy vegetables -Osteoporosis -Kidney stones Phosphorus (Macro) -Helps build body cells -Works with calcium -Dairy products -Grain products -Osteoporosis -Meat -Can prevent calcium from working Magnesium (Macro) -Helps build bones -Helps nerves and muscles work normally -Regulates body temperature -Dark green leafy vegetables -Whole grain products -Heart disease -Heart spasms -Diarrhea -Lack of Coordination -Confusion -Coma Iron (Trace) -Helps carry oxygen to the blood -Helps cells use oxygen -Red meat -Dark green leafy vegetables -Anemia -Paleness -Weakness -Heart disease -Elevated LDLs Zinc (Trace) -Helps body make proteins -Heal wounds -Affects sense of taste and smell -Meat -Liver -Fish -Dairy products -Stunted growth -Rash -Hair Loss -Low copper absorption Fluorine (Trace) -Helps strengthen teeth and prevent cavities -Fluoridated water -Toothpaste -Tooth decay -Staining of teeth during development 9
Sodium (Electrolyte) -Maintains fluid balance in the body -Salt -Packaged foods -Muscle cramps -High blood pressure Chloride (Electrolyte) -Maintains fluid balance in the body -Salt -Can cause convulsions in infants -High blood pressure Tugas Buat review dari jurnal berhasa Inggris edisi 2005 ke atas Pilih salah satu tentang minyak atsiri, rempah atau vitamin dari suatu tanaman Dikumpulkan saat UAS Sampai jumpa di materi berikutnya 10