BSc (Honours) Sport Business Management

Faculty of Health and Wellbeing BSc (Honours) Sport Business Management Title: Motivation for participating in weight training in Hong Kong Name: Hui Yuk Pui Student No: 91206420 Month Year: April 2011

Sheffield Hallam University Faculty of Health and Wellbeing Title: Motivation for participating in weight training in Hong Kong Full Name: Hui Yuk Pui Student No: 91206420 Supervisor: Cherie Kwong In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Sport Business Management. Month Year April 2011 b

ⅰ.) Abstract In recent year, the obesity problem in Hong Kong was seriously, due to a number of citizen lacks of physical activities. Hence, this study was aim to raise the Hong Kong citizen awareness healthy with increase participate in weight training. The methodology in this study was a quantitative research style applied the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al., 1983) to face-to-face questionnaire interview. To investigate different motives between different participants in participate weight training. Moreover applied the software SPSS to analyze the data, which analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic, T-test, One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test. Furthermore, the main results of this study were: (1) the fitness was the main motive of participant in weight training; (2) the male participant were more concern skill/competition and fitness motives than female participant in weight training; (3) the different education level and income participants had not statistically significant difference in weight training; (4) the retirement participant were lowest concern the skill/competition and fitness motives than others industry background participant in weight training; (5) the senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the skill/competition, recognition and fitness motives than others age group participant in weight training. Additionally, The development plan to raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they participate rate in weight training should do that: (1) promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task orientation; (2) the target groups should target on working people and age below 46-55 citizens. i

ⅱ.) Contents Abstract.. ⅰ Contents.. ⅱ List of Figure.. ⅲ List of Table.... ⅲ 1.) Introduction. P.1-3 Purpose and Objective.... P.4 2.) Literature Review. P.5-10 Hypothesis 1 (Gender). P.11-12 Hypothesis 2 (Age)... P.13 Hypothesis 3 (Education level).... P.14 Hypothesis 4 (Wage level)... P.14 Hypothesis 5 (Industry background)..... P.15 Hypothesis 6 (Different factors).. P.15 3.) Methodology 3.1) Research Style...... P.16 3.2) Data Collection and Process.. P.17-18 3.3) Strength of Research... P.19 3.4) Weakness of research...... P.19 3.5) Data Analysis... P.20-21 4.) Result 4.1) Descriptive statistics test.... P.22 4.2) T-test.... P.23-24 4.3) One-way ANOVA test. P.25-31 4.4) Pearson Correlation test.... P.32-33 5.) Discussion... P.34-45 6.) Conclusion and Recommendation....... P.46-47 6.1) Recommendation for practice....... P.48 6.2) Research Limitation...... P.49 6.3) Research Constrains..... P.49 6.4) Recommendation for further study...... P.50 6.5) Post research evaluation.... P.50 7.) References list..... P.51-56 8.) Appendix. 1 (Questionnaire Sample).... P.57 ii

ⅲ.) List of figures Figure. 1 (Pearson Correlation test) P.38 ⅲ.) List of Tables Table 1. (Descriptive Statistic) P.28 Table 2. (T-test Gender)... P.29 Table 2.1 (T-test - Gender).. P.30 Table 3. (ANOVA test Education level).... P.31 Table 4. (ANOVA test Wage level).. P.32 Table 5. (ANOVA test - Age).. P.33 Table 5.1 (ANOVA test- Age). P.34 Table 5.2 (ANOVA test - Age) P.34 Table 6. (ANOVA test - Industry)... P.36 Table 6.1 (ANOVA test Industry background). P.37 Table 6.2 (ANOVA test Industry background).. P.37 Table 7. (Pearson Correlation test).. P.38 Table 8. (Pearson Correlation test).. P.39 Table 9. (Pearson Correlation test).. P.3 iii

1.) Introduction In recent years, Hong Kong become to one of the most urbanized and industrialized city in the world. The overcrowded living conditions and a highly efficient transportation system and infrastructure, had directly change the life habit of citizens. They not only increased psychosocial stress, but also lack of physical activities. As a result, obesity problem was serious in Hong Kong, around 30% citizens had become obesity (American Journal of Health Promotion.2006). Seeing that a lot of citizens lack of physical activities in regular time, it was the main reason why obesity seem an epidemic in Hong Kong. Aim to raise the Hong Kong citizen awareness healthy with increase participates in weight training. This research mainly studies the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong. As weight training not only has physical benefits but social and emotional rewards as well. Everybody has more self-confidence when they feel and look healthy, while having the experience of meeting people in the gym can help with the social needs in the life. A good thing about weight training was that the exercise frequencies do not have to do it every day. In fact, it s recommended do not training every day. It should wait a day between each weight-training workout to let the muscles recuperate and rest to get ready for the next workout (MacLeod 2010). Following above information about weight training, it seem that weight training not only keep the participant health, but also no need to exercise every day, it is absolutely suitable for busy Hong Kong citizens to keep fit. 1

However, the mainly problem that how can encourage busy Hong Kong citizens to participate in weight training. As the working hour of Hong Kong was quite long, normally are between 9am and 6pm, or 40 hours per week, on a five-day job (Gloria Lai 2008). A lot of citizens may not to choose weight training for their leisure activity (Ming Pao 2005). As the result how to promote citizens to more participate in weight training was important. Understand the target participant participation motives can make the promotion effectiveness. Therefore, studies participant motivation in weight training was necessary. For the reason that motivation was an important tool for understand people behavior. Motivation was defined as a conscious experience or subconscious condition, which serves as a factor in determining an individual s behavior or social conduct in a given situation (Alderson, 1955). Shank (1999) emphasized how important it was for sports marketers to understand the reasons people participate in certain sports and the benefits they receive from participation. (Yong Jae Ko 2008) This research tends to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training through the questionnaire interview and analysis to find out their participation motives. As the reason that a lot of scholars had understand the participation motives of their target study group through to used different motivation questionnaire which includes PMQ, SMS, SCQ and EMS (Gill et al. 1983, Pelletier et al. 1995, Alexandris et al. 2002a, Li. 1999). Compared the question and study factors of difference questionnaire, the 30-items question and six study factors of PMQ were suitable for investigate participant motivation of Hong Kong citizen. About the motivation questionnaire that it had a lot of studied factors and content, which includes recognition /status, team atmosphere, fitness, energy release, skill/competition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis, 2

P.N. 2000). As above factors was describing the possible reasons to analyze participant participation motives in weight training. Therefore Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) was more suitable than others questionnaire to analyze the Hong Kong citizens motives in weight training. Furthermore, a lot of scholar research had different demographic questions, it lead to differences result (Zahariadis, P.N. 2000, Gareth W. Jones. et al. 2006, Yong Jae Ko. et al. 2008). In this study topic about weight training, different demographic questions had also lead to differences results. Therefore this study questionnaire had consisted additional demographic questions relating to gender, age, education level, income and industry background. Seeing that different background and information of interviewer, it directly related the different results. In addition about questionnaire, the investigation target group was range of age 18-65. As the definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds. This target groups was a large of citizens in HK to participate in weight training. Furthermore about range of age groups, it had divided five groups in 18-65olds into this questionnaire, which includes 18-25olds, 26-35olds, 36-45olds, 46-55olds and above 55olds. About investigate participant motives, not only analysis from questionnaire, but also study some theories and related concepts. If the Leisure and Culture Service Department (LCSD) and others fitness center can understand the participant motivation in weight training, it can easily focus on participant needs to promote weight training. In this research, the analysis results, discussion and recommendation was the clearly direction about the participant motives in weight training for reference, it can assist government department or private organization to develop or promote weight training in Hong Kong. 3

The purpose of this study: Aim to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training through the questionnaire and analysis to find out their participation motives. The objective of this study: 1.) Investigate the different motives between male and female to participate in weight training. 2.) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of age to participate in weight training. 3.) Investigate the different motives between different education levels to participate in weight training. 4.) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of income to participate in weight training. 5.) Investigate the different motives between different industry backgrounds to participate in weight training. 6.) Investigate the correlation between different motives in participate weight training. 4

2.) Literature Review A lot of scholars investigation and journal had show that obesity was become an epidemic in most parts of the world, which include in Hong Kong. As the result more physical activities was the best method to prevent obesity. (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui2004, American Journal of Health Promotion.2006, T.C. Ko, et al. 2007, Hui, Stanley S. C. 2005). Therefore foregoing information can explain why this research studies participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong. In addition, a number of scholars had studies the participant motivation in different physical activities to develop or promote the sports (Spittle2009, Sweet, et al. 2009, Yli-Piipari et al. 2009), however had little scholar to focus on investigated participant motivation in weight training. As the result that participant motivation in weight training was valuable subject area to study. Moreover, it can prove that the analysis participant motivation was correctly avenues for develop target sports, from many scholars results revealed. Furthermore, from some scholar studies revealed, they applied the questionnaire to investigate and analysis of their research (Zahariadis, P.N. 2000, P. Martens and S. Nicole 2002, M. Casper and P.S.Andrew). It can know that the questionnaire was the helpful tool in the research. Applied the questionnaire not only convenient to collect a large of information, but also had the mutilable-choice for interviewer, it can prevent the unrelated answer occurred. Therefore this study was applied the questionnaire to investigate the participant motivation in weight training. 5

Before to analysis the participant motives in weight training, it must more understand about motivation. The motivation definition that people to be moved to do something effect by motivation. A person who feels no impetus or inspiration to act was thus characterized as unmotivated, whereas someone who was energized or activated toward an end was considered motivated. Most everyone who works or plays with others was, accordingly, concerned with motivation, facing the question of how much motivation those others, or oneself, has for a task, and practitioners of all types face the perennial task of fostering more versus less motivation in those around them (M. Ryan and L. Deci 2000). Additionally, some literature reviewed about motivation concepts, it consist some of parts that intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and achievement motivation. Intrinsic motivation was defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions rather than for some separable consequence. When intrinsically motivated a person was moved to act for the fun or challenge entailed rather than because of external prods, pressures, or rewards. Furthermore, it was occurs when people had some own purpose or target need to satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle 2009, M. Ryan and L. Deci 2000). Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors, such as rewards and social recognition, as people may participate to prove themselves (Spittle 2009). For example, competition was considered as extrinsic because, for some people, it encourages the individual to win but not to enjoy the process of the activity, they only aim to receive cheering from audience. 6

Achievement motivation, it can also divided into task goal orientation and ego goal orientation. These goal orientations influence behavioral and affective responses, such as choice of activities, satisfaction, and enjoyment. If purpose to enhances participant motivation of weight training, it must promotion of task goal orientation rather than ego orientation. As task goal orientation was often linked with intrinsic motivation, it could develop intrinsic interest in weight training, as its focus on internal control and task mastery. On the other hands, ego orientation had been linked with more extrinsic motives, it lead to decrease intrinsic interest and less enjoyment of weight training, as its focus on status motives and people only working-hard to their own purpose (Spittle 2009, Glyn C. Roberts 1992, Wang, John C. K. et al. 2010). Understand the motivation definition and concepts after, it must also need to more understand the participant motives investigation tools. About study participant motivation had a lot of reliable investigation tools was many scholar had used, which include following questionnaire: Sport Motivation Scale SMS (Pelletier et al., 1995; Doganis, 2000) Sport Commitment Questionnaire SCQ (Scanlan et al., 1993a; Alexandris et al., 2002a) Exercise Motivation Scale EMS ( Li, 1999) Participant Motivation Questionnaire PMQ (Gill et al., 1983) 7

The Sport Motivation Scale SMS (Pelletier et al., 1995; Doganis, 2000) was consists 28-items of seven subscales: amotivation, external regulation, introjections, identification, intrinsic motivation to know, intrinsic motivation to accomplish, and intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation (P. Martens and S. Nicole 2002). The Sport Commitment Questionnaire SCQ (Scanlan et al., 1993a; Alexandris et al., 2002a) was consists 14-items were incorporated to measure sport commitment, sport enjoyment, social constraints, and involvement opportunities and were worded according to player type (M. Casper and P.S.Andrew). The Exercise Motivation Scale EMS (Li, 1999) was includes 31-items, used a 6-point Likert-type scale by "strongly disagree" and "strongly agree," the instrument assesses eight different aspects of exercise motivation. The types of exercise motivation, as posited by Deci and Ryan (1985,2000), range from amotivation to intrinsic motivation, and include amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, intrinsic motivation to learn, intrinsic motivation to experience sensations (M.Wetherington 2004). The Participant Motivation Questionnaire PMQ (Gill et al., 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the possible reasons for sports participation. A 5-point important scale was used. Responders answered to the stem: "I participate in sport because...", indicating their preferences from 1 ("not at all important") to 5 ("extremely important"). Factor analytic results of the PMQ have revealed factors of achievement/status, team atmosphere, fitness, energy release, skill development, friendship and fun as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis, P.N. 2000). 8

The foregoing questionnaires had different question and study factors to fit on difference research topics. Compared the question and study factors of difference questionnaire, the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) was the most suitable to investigate participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong. As the study factors of others questionnaire were not used possible to analyze weight training participant motives, however the study factors of PMQ was except. The PMQ study factors were includes recognition /status, team atmosphere, fitness, energy release, skill/competition and affiliation, it all factors was reasonable weight training motives and possible to analysis the weight training participant motives. A lot of scholar not only used the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ), but also modify the quantity of question into PMQ to fit their research investigation (Zahariadis, P.N. 2000, Gareth W. Jones. et al. 2006). The modified PMQ from others scholar was fit their research, however it may not suitable used into this study. Furthermore the factors and all question of original PMQ were suitable for investigate the participant motivation in weight training. Therefore, the original PMQ was chosen to use for analyze the weight training participant in this study. According to foregoing information about motivation concepts and questionnaire, it could more understand the details. As the result that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation concepts would apply to analyze the consequence of the PMQ questionnaire in this study. The PMQ questionnaire was consisted 6 different factors, which includes recognition /status, team atmosphere, fitness, energy release, skill/competition and affiliation. These factors could divide two parts into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation concepts. 9

The Intrinsic motivation was occurs when people had some own purpose or target need to satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle 2009). As fitness was the self-purpose motivate participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant motivation about their self-enjoyment. Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release were collected into intrinsic concept. The Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors, such as rewards and social recognition, as people may participate to prove themselves (Spittle 2009). As skill /competition was the purpose of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves. Moreover affiliation, team atmosphere and status/recognition were the participant motivation that build-up their status and relationship in the social network. Therefore the above motives were collected into extrinsic concept. About the analysis, if the participant were more concern fitness and energy release in weight training. The consequence was that the weight training promotion was need to more focus on intrinsic motivation, such as the fitness importance on their life, weight training how to improve their health, etc. On the other hands, if the participant were more concern skill /competition, affiliation, team atmosphere and status/recognition. The result that the weight training promotion was need to more focus on extrinsic motivation, for example set-up more reward or competition in weight training for participant to prove themselves, build-up their status and social network (Spittle 2009, M. Ryan and L. Deci 2000). 10

Hypothesis 1.) There are different participate motives between male and female in weight training From others scholar literatures show that men and women react differently to same advertisements. Men are more affected by simple, comparative, attribute oriented advertisements, while women are more affected by complex, verbal, harmonious and category-oriented advertisements (Himansu SM 2009). If the male participate weight-training motives was want to build up muscles or more fitness, they will easily affected by simple, comparative, attribute oriented advertisements. On the other hands, the female was considering different factors and did not only satisfy some motives to determine whether to participate weight training. Therefore hypothesis male were more participate weight training than female. In addition, from differences journal show that men have been historically cast as providers and breadwinners, they always need to engage in social activities and handle long working time (Pui Hing Chau2008, American Journal of Health Promotion 2006, Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004). As they need to relax and release their work stress through participate in weight training. Therefore hypothesis of gender that male participate weight training were more than female. 11

Moreover, from others scholar article show that the female s bodybuilding history was shortens than male and the female bodybuilding competition participation-rate were lower than male (Ronald C and Thomas, Jr. 2006, Gary S. et al. 2006). As participate the bodybuilding competition can bring the successful achievement and great body image to male through weight training. Therefore hypothesis the male was more concern weight training skill and competition than female to satisfy their purpose about build-up their body image and participate the bodybuilding competition. The foregoing information can explain why this research needs to study different gender will have differences motives to participant in weight training. 12

Hypothesis 2.) There are different participate motives between different ranges of age in weight training From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities comparing with others range of age (Hui, Stanley S. C. 2005). Following the related journal, hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with adult. In addition some journal show that around 66% adults in the United States had obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson. et al. 2010). As the reason why most adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and high-fat foods. Also, most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding Adult Obesity 2008). In Hong Kong, it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the world. It was a lot of similar with United States, which include the obesity and overweight problem. Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups (youngest, adult, senior adult and elder). As they need to solve the obesity problem and keep-fit through participate in weight training. 13

Hypothesis 3.) There are different participate motives between different education levels in weight training From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004). Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people. The information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study, as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to participate in weight training. Hypothesis.4) There are different participate motives between different ranges of income in weight training For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit, on the others hand the employees of bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit (Byron G. Auguste. et al. 2009, Honghong Luo2005, Beth Levin Crimmel 2004). Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training to keep their health, as they had less health care benefit from employer. 14

Hypothesis 5.) There are different participate motives between different industry backgrounds in weight training For some literature review seem that in general conceptually, white-collar workers hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor. In contrast, blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L. Groshen and Donald R. Williams). Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background. As the job of blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks, they no need to weight training in leisure time. Hypothesis 6.) There are correlations between different motives in weight training From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in different factors in different sports (Cronin, John 2007), Eldin, et al. 2010). Therefore hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in participant participate in weight training. 15

3.) Methodology 3.1) Research Style About study research, it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative research. These had a lot of differences features in different research styles, which include different sample size, administration, type of analysis, hardware and type of research. Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills, the research user required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape recorders, video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003). Quantitative research was fewer special skills required, the research user need to descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003). Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research, in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong. For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen causal of participate in weight training. Although the qualitative research was easily to investigate, as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody. However the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant motivation in weight training. Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for analysis in this research. 16

3.2) Data Collection and Process In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation, it utilize a random convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon, New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this interview. As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with interviewer compared with others interview avenues. Therefore utilizes face-to-face questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was around 50%. Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old. This age ground was chosen because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds. This age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong (Census and Statistic Department 2011). About the interview equipment of this study, it applied the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al., 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the possible reasons for weight training participation. A 5-point important scale was used. Responders answered to the stem: "I participate in sport because...", indicating their preferences from 1 ("not at all important") to 5 ("extremely important"). Factor analytic results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition /status, team atmosphere, fitness, energy release, skill/competition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis, P.N. 2000). Additionally, the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire interview was stared. In this study, the questionnaire used to interview twenty people before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center. This person was answer the questionnaire two times. After the half of month, they were answer the 17

questionnaire again. It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability. In the results of this pilot test, most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar in twice questionnaire interview. Therefore, this result can prove the question of questionnaire was reliable. Nevertheless, some demographic question in questionnaire, the interviewer was purposely to conceal. As the result, the questionnaire was some adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study, which includes the body weight, emotion condition, etc. 18

3.3) Strength of Research The strength of this research, the PMQ had transformed from English version to Chinese version. As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their first language. Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study purpose through the Chinese version PMQ. In this questionnaire, it used the scale of important for interviewer to answer the question, which include (Extremely important, Quite important, important, Unimportant and Not at all important). In addition the Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender, age, education level, income and industry background. Seeing that interviewer had different personal factors, it directly related the result from the questionnaire. 3.4) Weakness of Research The weakness of this study, the timing, smaller sample size and low respond rate was the mainly barriers. About the limited timing in this study, it only had a few months of this investigation. As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of questionnaire interview in this research, therefore the sample size was only about hundred interviewers. Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training participant opinion, it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight training. As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly weakness in the research. Additionally, the low respond rate was also the others weakness in this study. As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant motivation opinion in weight training. 19

3.5) Data Analysis After the questionnaire interview, it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data. The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and analysis and to create tables and graphs. SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction to SPSS 2009). Apply this function of SPSS, it can easily to collect the different question to group into related factor and easily calculate the scores mean of each factors on every questionnaire. For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different variable factors (E.g. the questions of PMQ: 4,6,9,10,13,14,16 were group into skill/competition factor). Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong, which analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic, T-test, One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation. The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to descriptive, such as the scores mean of different factors on the entire questionnaire. T-test was also consisted three types: One-Sample, Independent-Sample and Paired-Sample. In this research, it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to compare two groups scores on the same variable. For example compares the Male s scores and Female s scores on fitness factor, it can know that which gender was more concern the fitness. Furthermore compare different factors, it can know that which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more concern in participate weight training. 20

One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test, however One-way ANOVA can analysis three or more groups scores on the same variable. For example compare 6 different age group s scores on fitness factor, it can know that which age group was more concern the fitness in participate weight training. Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors. For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test. If the result had positive scores between two selected factors, it means that these factors had positive relationship. If the scores was more closed to 1 socers, it mean the relationship was more strongly. (Center for teaching excellence 2010) Additionally, mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test, T-test and One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors. Therefore, p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference between personal demographic different on each factors. An alpha level of 0.05 was set to test the research questions. If the p value was <0.05, it mean that the variable was statistically significant difference. 21

4.) Result The following information was the result about the 4 different tests, which includes Descriptive Statistic, T-test, One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were performed. It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference. 4.1) The descriptive statistics in different factors The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training. Table 1. (Descriptive Statistic) Std. Ranking N Minimum Maximum Mean Deviation Skill 100 1.00 4.43 2.8357.72257 5 Energy Release 100 2.00 5.00 3.3650.59078 3 Recognition 100 1.29 4.43 3.0114.47432 4 Team Atmosphere 100 1.00 3.25 1.9250.46669 6 Affiliation 100 1.67 5.00 3.4533.65395 2 Fitness 100 1.00 5.00 3.7000.77053 1 In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=3.7) motive in weight training were the highest compare with others motives. Contrary, the mean scores of team atmosphere (M=1.93) were the lowest. 22

4.2) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and female. Table 2. (T-test) t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Lower 95% Upper Skill 3.86 98.000.63.16.31.95 Recognition 1.74 98.084.197.11 -.07.46 Energy.216 98.830.03.14 -.24.30 Release Team -3.19 98.002 -.344.11 -.56 -.13 Atmosphere Affiliation -1.12 98.266 -.18.16 -.48.13 Fitness 4.53 37.96.000.72.16.38 1.06 P value= Sig. (2-tailed); Statistically significant difference = p<0.05 The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a statistically significant difference between male and female. In foregoing table (Table 2) showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill (t=3.86, p=0.00), team atmosphere (t=-3.19, p=.002) and fitness (t=4.53, p=0.00) of participate in weight training. Completed the statistically result found, it can apply the following table (Table 2.1) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors. The following table describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives. 23

Table 2.1 (T-test) Gender Std. Std. Error N Mean Deviation Mean Skill Male 78 2.98.66.07 Female 22 2.34.75.16 Recognition Male 78 3.05.44.05 Female 22 2.86.56.12 Energy Release Male 78 3.37.61.07 Female 22 3.34.54.11 Team Atmosphere Male 78 1.85.47.05 Female 22 2.19.37.08 Affiliation Male 78 3.41.66.08 Female 22 3.59.61.13 Fitness Male 78 3.86.73.08 Female 22 3.14.64.14 From the above table (Table 2.1) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male was higher level than female in skill (M=2.97, M=2.34) factor. Furthermore about the mean scores, the factor of fitness (M=3.86, M=3.14) was the male higher than female. However the team atmosphere (M=2.19, M=1.85) factor was the female higher than male in participate weight training. In a short summary, the male was more concern the skill in weight training than female. Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more concern than female. However, the female participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than male. 24

4.3) The results of One-way ANOVA test One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test: it examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitative/numerical (numerical/interval/ratio) variable. 4.3.1) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way ANOVA test results The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant difference in different education levels of weight training participant. Table 3. (ANOVA test) Sum of Squares Skill Between Groups.45 Within Groups 51.2 Recognition Between Groups.08 Within Groups 22.2 Energy Release Between Groups.61 Within Groups 33.9 Team Atmosphere Between Groups.21 Within Groups 21.4 Affiliation Between Groups.51 Within Groups 41.8 Fitness Between Groups 1.05 Within Groups 57.7 P value= Sig.; Statistically significant difference= p<0.05 df 2 97 2 97 2 97 2 97 2 97 2 97 Mean Square F Sig..22.42.66.53.04.18.83.23.306.88.42.35.104.47.63.22.26.59.55.43.53.88.42.595 In foregoing table (Table 3.) results revealed there were no statistically significant difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training, as the all p value was highest than 0.05. 25

4.3.2) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA test results The following table (Table 4) was determining where statistically significant difference in different wage levels of weight training participant. Table 4. (ANOVA test) Sum of Squares df Skill Between Groups.015 2 Within Groups 51.7 97 Recognition Between Groups.14 2 Within Groups 22.1 97 Energy Release Between Groups 1.18 2 Within Groups 33.4 97 Team Atmosphere Between Groups.79 2 Within Groups 20.8 97 Affiliation Between Groups Within Groups.596 41.7 2 97 Fitness Between Groups.63 2 Within Groups 58.2 97 P value= Sig.; Statistically significant difference = p<0.05 Mean Square F Sig..01.014.986.53.07.300.741.23.59 1.173.186.34.397 1.855.162.21.298.43.692.503.31.524.594.599 From above table (Table 4.) results revealed there were no statistically significant difference in different factors in different income, as the all p value was highest than 0.05. 26

4.3.3) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA test results The following table (Table 5) was determining where statistically significant difference in different age of weight training participant. Table 5. (ANOVA test) Sum of Squares df Skill Between Groups 6.25 Within Groups 45.4 Recognition Between Groups Within Groups 2.00 20.3 Energy Release Between Groups.56 Within Groups 33.99 Team Atmosphere Between Groups.196 Within Groups 21.4 Affiliation Between Groups 4.65 Within Groups 37.7 Fitness Between Groups 5.83 Within Groups 52.95 P value= Sig.; Statistically significant difference = p<0.05 3 96 3 96 3 96 3 96 3 96 3 96 Mean Square F Sig. 2.08 4.4.006.47.67 3.16.028.211.19.35.53.665.07.29.830.22 1.55 3.95.011.39 1.94 3.52.018.55 The results table (Table 5.) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (3,96)=4.4, P=.006), recognition (F (3,96)=3.16, P=0.03), affiliation (F (3,96)=3.95, P=0.01) and fitness (F (3,96)=3.52, P=0.02) had the statistically significant difference between different age groups of weight training participant. Completed the statistically significant difference result found, it can apply the following table (Table 5.1) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors in different age groups. 27

Table 5.1 (ANOVA test) (I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Skill 18-25 46-55 1.08*.34.01 Recognition 46-55 18-25 -.64 *.23.028 26-35 -.62 *.22.029 36-45 -.66 *.22.016 Affiliation 36-45 18-25.45 *.16.035 26-35.40 *.15.037 Fitness 46-55 18-25 -1.05 *.37.02 36-45 -.94 *.35.04 The statistically significant difference age groups were found, it could use the following table (Table 5.2) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in different factors. Table 5.2 (ANOVA test) Age N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Skill 18-25 24 3.14.64.13 46-55 5 2.06.97.43 Recognition 18-25 24 3.04.45.09 26-35 34 3.02.46.08 36-45 37 3.07.39.06 46-55 5 2.4.91.40 Affiliation 18-25 24 3.28.84.17 26-35 34 3.32.45.08 36-45 37 3.73.55.09 Fitness 18-25 24 3.92.79.16 36-45 37 3.81.66.11 46-55 5 2.87 1.12.50 The foregoing result table (Table 5.2) revealed the statistically significant difference between age group 18-15 (M=3.14) with 46-55 (M=2.06) in skill; the significant difference between age group 18-25(M=3.04), 26-35(M=3.02), 36-45(M=3.07) with 28

46-55(M=2.4) in recognition; the statistically significant difference between age group18-25(m=3.28), 26-35(M=3.32) with 36-45(M=3.73) in affiliation; the statistically significant difference between age group 18-25(M=3.92), 36-45(M=3.81) with 46-55(M=2.87) in fitness. In a short summary, the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight training than age group 46-55. Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the recognition in weight training than age group 18-25, 26-35 and 36-45. Furthermore the age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and 26-35. Additionally, the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight training than age group 18-25 and 36-45. 29

4.3.4) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way ANOVA test results The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant. Table 6. (ANOVA test) Sum of Squares df Skill Between Groups 7.54 5 Within Groups 43.79 93 Recognition Between Groups 1.37 5 Within Groups 20.82 93 Energy Release Between Groups 2.49 5 Within Groups 31.27 93 Team Atmosphere Between Groups Within Groups 2.48 18.22 5 93 Affiliation Between Groups 2.77 5 Within Groups 39.52 93 Fitness Between Groups 9.03 5 Within Groups 48.04 93 P value= Sig.; Statistically significant difference = p<0.05 Mean Square F Sig. 1.51 3.2.01.47.28 1.23.303.22.498 1.48.204.34.496.196 2.53.03.56 1.3.27.43 1.81 3.45.006.52 Above table (Table 6.) showed the results that the statistically significant difference between different industry background in skill (F (5,93)=3.2, P=0.01), team atmosphere (F (5,93)=2.53, P=0.03) and fitness (F (5,93)=3.45, P=.006). Found the statistically significant difference results factors after, it can use the following table (Table 6.1) to analysis which industry background had the statistically significant difference in different factors of weight training participant. 30

Table 6.1 (ANOVA test) (I) Industry (J) Industry Mean Std. Difference (I-J) Error Sig. Skill Retirement Transportation -1.17 *.38.034 Student -1.1 *.37.044 Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -.498 *.17.038 Fitness Retirement Transportation -1.19 *.40.044 The statistically significant difference industry background were found, it could use the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors. Table 6.2 (ANOVA test) Industry N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Skill Transportation 16 3.17.63.16 Retirement 4 2.00.98.49 Student 22 3.10.72.15 Team atmosphere 16 1.66.53.13 Transportation 13 2.15.28.08 Finance Fitness Transportation 16 4.10.71.18 Retirement 4 2.92 1.32.66 The above table (Table 6.2) results revealed the statistically significant difference between transportation (M=3.17), student (M=3.10) with retirement (M=2.00) in skill; the statistically significant difference between transportation (M=1.66) with finance (M=2.15) in team atmosphere; the statistically significant difference between transportation (M=4.10) with retirement (M=2.92) in fitness. In a short summary, the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight training than transportation and student participant. Moreover the finance industry participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation participant. Furthermore, the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in weight training than retirement people. 31

4.4) The results of Pearson Correlation test The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of relationship between two variables. If the result was a positive value for the correlation, it implies a positive relationship. If the result was a negative value for the correlation, it implies a negative relationship. If the result was a zero or close to zero value, it implies no relationship between two variables. Figure. 1 (Pearson Correlation test) (Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003) 4.4.1) The significant correlation between skill and recognition The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a significant correlation. The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=0.73, n=100, p=.000) was strongly positive correlation. Table 7. (Pearson Correlation test) Recognition Skill Recognition Pearson 1.733 ** Correlation Sig. (2-tailed).000 N 100 100 32

4.4.2) The significant correlation between skill and fitness The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a significant correlation. The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=0.72, n=100, p=.000) was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training. Table 8. (Pearson Correlation test) Skill Fitness Skill Pearson Correlation 1.722 ** Sig. (2-tailed).000 N 100 100 4.4.3) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and recognition had a significant correlation. The affiliation with recognition correlation scores (r=0.46, n=100, p=.000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight training. Table 9. (Pearson Correlation test) Affiliation Recognition Affiliation Pearson 1.458 ** Correlation Sig. (2-tailed).000 N 100 100 33

5.) Discussion 5.1) Different factors with motivation concepts In this study, the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight training was participant mostly concerned. As the weight training was the sport what can bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008), therefore the fitness motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable. However, the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was participant mostly not concerned. As the weight training was individual sport, the most participant were training alone. Therefore participant was not concern the team atmosphere in weight training was sensible. About different factors with motivation concepts, the motivation concepts were divided into intrinsic and extrinsic. Furthermore, as fitness was the self-purpose motivate participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant motivation about their self-enjoyment. Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release were collected into intrinsic concept. Additionally, as skill /competition was the purpose of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves. Moreover affiliation, team atmosphere and status/recognition were the participant motivation that build-up their status and relationship in the social network. Therefore the above motives were collected into extrinsic concept. From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6 motives, the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned reason compares with others factors. As the participant was more concern the intrinsic motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training. Due to the 34

weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy participant s needs. Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training, the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract participant was better than extrinsic concept. 35

5.2) Different gender in weight training In this study about participant motives, the results of T-test revealed the factors of skill, fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and female. Skill: The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill motive in weight training than female. It can easily understand, as the information revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than female (Ronald C and Thomas, Jr. 2006, Gary S. et al. 2006), therefore the male was more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them winning the competition. Fitness: The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness in weight training than female. As the reason that male participant was seeking the muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde, no date). Moreover the male obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health Promotion.2006), therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in weight training. Team Atmosphere: The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more concern the team atmosphere than male. Although the weight training was the individual sport, however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight training to social with friends and to slim together. Therefore the female was more concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable. 36