STUDY OF THE AEROSOL ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION IN FOUR SOUTHERN EUROPE CITIES: FIRST RESULTS FROM THE LIFE+ AIRUSE PROJECT S. Nava, F. Lucarelli, G. Calzolai, M. Chiari, M. Giannoni, D.Frosini, F. Amato, A. Karanasiou, X. Querol, C. Alves, D. Custodio, C. Pio, K. Eleftheriadis, E. Diapouli, V. Vasilatou INFN-Firenze and University of Florence, Italy IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain CESAM and University of Aveiro, Portugal Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory DEMOKRITOS, Athens, Greece
The AIRUSE LIFE+ project The project aims at developing and testing mitigation strategies for the improvement of air quality in Southern European countries. It involves research groups of Spain, UK, Portugal, Italy and Greece. The project includes many tasks: - Sampling and analysis of the PM in 4 Southern Europe cities - PM source apportionment by receptor and dispersion models - in particular, natural and trans-boundary contribution assessment - Study of the effectiveness of pollution reduction methods (CMA, ) - Study of heating systems (stoves and boilers) emissions
BARCELONA Sampling 4 URBAN BACKGROUND SITES 1 year sampling daily time resolution - Jan.2013 - Jan.2014 (1 day every 3*) - PM10 e PM2.5 - quartz and teflon ATHENS PORTO Shorter samplings 1 hour time resolution - ~ 2 weeks in winter and summer - fine and coarse FLORENCE * All the days if saharan intrusions foreseen (Hysplit, Skiron)
DAILY SAMPLES Analysis PM2.5 e PM10 concentrations (gravimetric analysis) Ionic composition (IC) EC-OC (thermo-optical methods) Major and minor elements (PIXE, ICP-MS, ICP-AES, AAS) Levoglucosan (Milano), organic compounds and carbonates on a reduced number of samples HOURLY SAMPLES Elements Z>10 (streaker sampler + PIXE) STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR SOURCE APPORTIONMENT (PMF, Positive Matrix Factorization) on daily and hourly data LABEC-INFN
PM10 e PM2.5 µg/m 3 Florence Mean (µg/m 3 ) PM10 19 PM2.5 13 ratio 0.70 m 3 µg/m 3 µg/m Athens Mean (µg/m 3 ) Porto PM10 21 PM2.5 12 ratio 0.60 Mean (µg/m 3 ) PM10 35 PM2.5 26 ratio 0.71
µg/m 3 µg/m 3 µg/m 3 µg/m 3 100 80 60 40 20 0 PM10 PM2.5 1-Jan-13 20-Feb-13 11-Apr-13 31-May-13 20-Jul-13 8-Sep-13 28-Oct-13 17-Dec-13 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 PM10 PM2.5 PM10 e PM2.5 Florence Mean (µg/m 3 ) PM10 19 PM2.5 13 ratio 0.70 Athens Mean (µg/m 3 ) 1-Jan-13 20-Feb-13 11-Apr-13 31-May-13 20-Jul-13 8-Sep-13 28-Oct-13 17-Dec-13 PM10 PM2.5 1-Jan-13 20-Feb-13 11-Apr-13 31-May-13 20-Jul-13 8-Sep-13 28-Oct-13 17-Dec-13 PM10 PM2.5 Porto 01/01/13 02/03/13 01/05/13 30/06/13 29/08/13 28/10/13 27/12/13 PM10 21 PM2.5 12 ratio 0.60 Mean (µg/m 3 ) PM10 35 PM2.5 26 ratio 0.71 Barcelona Mean (µg/m 3 ) PM10 22 PM2.5 15 ratio 0.67
Si concentrations m 3 ng/m
Si concentrations 6000 4000 2000 PM10 PM2.5 Florence 0 120001/1/13 2/3/13 1/5/13 30/6/13 29/8/13 28/10/13 27/12/13 8000 4000 PM10 PM2.5 Athens 0 6000 1/1/13 2/3/13 1/5/13 30/6/13 29/8/13 28/10/13 27/12/13 4000 2000 PM10 PM2.5 0 30001/1/13 2/3/13 1/5/13 30/6/13 29/8/13 28/10/13 27/12/13 2000 1000 PM10 PM2.5 Porto Barcelona 0 1/1/13 2/3/13 1/5/13 30/6/13 29/8/13 28/10/13 27/12/13
Soil dust Florence Firenze-Atene (Skiron-hysplit) µg/m 3 (% of PM) PM10 2.2 (12%) PM2.5 0.5 (4%) ratio 0.23 Atene (Skiron-hysplit) µg/m 3 (% of PM) PM10 4.3 (20%) PM2.5 1.1 (9%) ratio 0.26 Porto Porto (Skiron) µg/m 3 (% of PM) PM10 4.0 (11%) PM2.5 2.1 (8%) ratio 0.52
Soil dust Florence Firenze-Atene (Skiron-hysplit) µg/m 3 (% of PM) PM10 2.2 (12%) PM2.5 0.5 (4%) ratio 0.23 Atene (Skiron-hysplit) µg/m 3 (% of PM) PM10 4.3 (20%) PM2.5 1.1 (9%) ratio 0.26 Porto Porto (Skiron) µg/m 3 (% of PM) PM10 4.0 (11%) PM2.5 2.1 (8%) ratio 0.52
Desert dust intrusions in Florence Backward trajectory calculations (HYSPLIT model, NOAA) for all days every 6 hours, at 3 altitudes (500, 1500 and 2500 magl): rough classifications of all the samples in African Days (AD) and Non African Days (NAD)
Elemental ratios (Florence)
S concentrations
S concentrations 3000 1500 PM10 PM2.5 Florence 0 45001/1/13 2/3/13 1/5/13 30/6/13 29/8/13 28/10/13 27/12/13 3000 1500 PM10 PM2.5 Athens 0 60001/1/13 2/3/13 1/5/13 30/6/13 29/8/13 28/10/13 27/12/13 4000 2000 PM10 PM2.5 0 30001/1/13 2/3/13 1/5/13 30/6/13 29/8/13 28/10/13 27/12/13 2000 1000 PM10 PM2.5 Porto Barcelona 0 1/1/13 2/3/13 1/5/13 30/6/13 29/8/13 28/10/13 27/12/13
K concentrations Saharan dust WB for domestic heating Wildfires and Saharan dust
K concentrations Saharan dust WB for domestic heating Wildfires and Saharan dust
V-Ni (PM10) ATENE PORTO FIRENZE 30 25 20 15 10 V V mean ( ) PO 4.5 FL 2.9 5 AT 5.4 0 1-Jan- 1-Feb- 4-Mar- 4-Apr- 5-May- 5-Jun- 6-Jul- 6-Aug- 6-Sep- 7-Oct- 7-Nov- 8-Dec- 8-Jan- 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1-Jan- 13 1-Feb- 13 4-Mar- 13 4-Apr- 13 Ni 5-May- 13 5-Jun- 13 6-Jul- 13 6-Aug- 13 6-Sep- 13 7-Oct- 13 7-Nov- 13 8-Dec- 13 8-Jan- 14 Ni mean ( ) PO 2.8 FL 1.4 AT 2.9
V-Ni (PM10) V mean ( ) PO 4.5 FL 2.9 AT 5.4 Ni mean ( ) PO 2.8 FL 1.4 AT 2.9
Zn-Pb (PM2.5) PM10 PM2.5
Zn-Pb (PM2.5)
Hourly data PMF Winter 2013 (3 weeks): FLORENCE: 21/01-12/02/2013 PORTO: 25/01-1/02 + 19/02-4/03 EPA PMF 3.0, input data prepared using the Polissar approach solutions from 5 to 10 factors (and different rotations) explored; Q values, scaled res., F and G matrices examined to find the most reasonable solution PO - fine FL - fine PO - coarse FL - coarse soil soil soil soil sea salt sea salt sea salt sea salt - - aged sea salt aged sea salt traffic traffic traffic traffic sec. sulphate sec. sulphate - - biomass burn. biomass burn. - - oil comb. oil comb. - - industry - - -
Biomass burning FLORENCE K ( ) 300 250 200 K_F ATHENS PORTO 150 100 50 0 5/3/14 0.00 6/3/14 0.00 7/3/14 0.00 8/3/14 0.00 9/3/14 0.00 10/3/14 0.00 11/3/14 0.00 12/3/14 0.00 13/3/14 0.00
Secondary sulphates FLORENCE S ( ) PORTO
Traffic source FLORENCE Cu ( ) PORTO
Soil dust source FLORENCE Si ( ) PORTO
FLORENCE FLORENCE Fe ( ) Si ( )
Marine sources FLORENCE Na ( ) fresh aged PORTO
Industrial source (Porto) Zn-coarse ( ) Zn-fine ( )
Conclusions AIRUSE sampling campaign concluded Preliminary analysis of elemental PIXE data shows many interesting points; in particular, hourly time resolution data allows us to follow in detail the time evolution of PM sources These data should be integrated by results obtained by the other analytical techniques WORK IN PROGRESS!
Thank you for your attention!!! http://labec.fi.infn.it - nava@fi.infn.it