INDEX 1. General Introduction 2. Chapter -1 Pharmacognosy 3. Chapter - II Phytochemistry 4. Chapter - III Trace Elemental studies 5. Chapter - IV Antimicrobial Activity 6. Chapter - V Pharmacology 7. Summary 8. Annexure
Table of Content Table of Content. List of Tables List of Plates Abbreviations General Notes i vii ix x xiii General Introduction / Introduction 1 Introduction 1 Scope and Objectives of the Present Work 7 References 8 Chapter- I Pharmacognosy 12 1. Introduction 12 1.1 Introduction 12 1.2 The Importance of pharmacognosy 13 1.3 The need for standardization 14 2. Review of Literature 17 2.1 Past work on some important medicinal plants 19 Borreria ocymoides DC, Rubiaceae 21 2.2 Past work on Pharmacognosy of medicinal plants 26 2.3 Medicinal importance ofstephania 27 2.4 Medicinal importance of Flueggea.. 29 2.5 Medicinal importance of Flacourtia 29 2.6 Medicinal uses of Ventilago 30 i
2.7 Past work on the medicinal plants of present investigation 30 3. Scope of the Present Work 31 4. Materials and Methods 32 4.1 Collection of specimens 32 4.2 Sectioning 32 4.3 Photomicrographs 33 4.4 Fluorescence analysis 33 4.5 Quantitative determination 34 4.6 Determination of total ash 34 4.7 Determination of acid-insoluble ash 34 4.8 Determination of water-soluble ash 34 4.9 Determination of extractive values 35 5. Result and Discussion 36 5.1 Taxonomic details of Flueggea leucopyrus Willd. Mull. Arg 36 5.1.1 Macroscopic characters 36 5.1.2 Leaf 36 5.1.3 Lamina 37 5.1.4 Petiole 37 5.1.5 Stem 38 5.1.6 Old stem 38 5.2 Taxonomic details of Flacourtia indica 39 5.2.1 Macroscopic characters 39 5.2.2 Leaf 40 5.2.3 Midrib 40 5.2.4 Lamina 40 5.2.5Venatiion 41 ii
5.2.6 Stomata 41 5.2.7 Petiole 41 5.2.8 Occurrence of crystals 42 5.2.9 Stem 42 5.3 Taxonomic details of Stephania wightii Dunn 43 5.3.1 Macroscopic characters 43 5.3.2 Leaf 43 5.3.3 Lamina 44 5.3.4 Epidermal cells and stomata 44 5.3.5 Petiole 44 5.3.6 Root-Tuber 45 5.3.7 Vascular system 45 5.3.8 Crystal distribution 46 5.4 Taxonomic details of Ventilago maderaspatana Gaertn 46 5.4.1 Macroscopic characters 46 5.4.2 Leaf 46 5.4.3 Midrib 47 5.4.4 Venation 47 5.4.5 Epidermal cells and stomata 48 5.4.6 Petiole 48 5.4.7 Stem 48 5.5 Comparative Microscopic Characters 49 5.5.1 Leaves 49 5.5.2 Veins and vein-islets 49 5.5.3 Petiole 50 5.5.4 Stem 50 iii
5.5.5 Root 51 5.6 Fluorescence analysis 51 5.7 Physico-chemical character 51 References 1 53 Chapter -II Phytochemistry 63 1. Introduction 63 1.1 Introduction 63 2. Review of literature 64 2.1 Phytochemicals from Genus Stephania 64 2.2 Phytochemicals from Flacourtia indica 94 2.3 Phytochemicals from the genus Flueggea 95 2.4 Phytochemicals from the genusventilago 101 3. Materials and Methods 107 3.1 Collection of plant materials 107 3.2 Extraction 107 3.3 Phytochemical analysis for the identification of functional groups 107 3.4 Chromatographic studies 109 3.4.1 Thin layer chromatography 109 3.4.2 Paper chromatography 109 3.5 Isolation and Characterization of phytochemical obtained from Stephania wightii Dunn. (Menispermaceae) 110 3.5.1 Infra Red spectroscopy 111 3.5.2 NMR spectroscopy: 111 3.5.3 Mass Spectrometry 111 3.5.4 Single crystal X-ray diffraction measurement 112 4. Results and Discussion 113 iv
4.1 Phytochemical analysis 113 4.2 Chromatography: 114 4.2.1 Thin layer Chromatography 114 4.2.2 Paper chromatography 114 4.3 XRD Results 115 4.4 Mass spectrometry 116 References 120 Chapter - III Trace Elemental studies 127 1. Introduction 127 1.1 Introduction 127 2. Review of literature 129 3. Materials and Methods 135 3.1 Optical system used in Analyst 400 AA spectrometer 135 4. Results and Discussion 136 References 138 Chapter- IV Antimicrobial Activity 142 1. Introduction 142 1.1 Introduction 142 2. Review of Literature 143 3. Materials and Methods 151 3.1 Preparation of Extracts 151 3.2 Microbial activity 151 3.3 Preparation of discs 151 3.4 Preparation of media 152 V
3.5 Kirby - Bauer disc diffusion method 152 4. Result and Discussion 154 4.1 Screening of antibacterial activity 154 References 160 Chapter- V Pharmacology 164 1. Introduction 164 1.1 Introduction 164 2. Review of literature 166 3. Materials and Methods 171 3.1 Preparation of plant extracts 171 3.2 Animals 171 3.3 Chemicals 171 3.4 Induction of experimental hepatotoxicity 172 3.5 Bio Chemical Markers 173 4. Result and discussion 174 4.1 Biochemical Parameters 174 4.1.1 Control group (Group I) 174 4.1.2 Heplatotoxic control (Group II) 174 4.1.3 Ethnolic extract treated group (Group III) 174 4.1.4 Aqueous extract oistephania wightii treated group (Group IV) 174 4.1.5 Positive control group 175 References 177 Summary 183 Annexure VI