PROMAC Refined products Processes and applications (WP3) 1 Project meeting 25.4.217 Inga Marie Aasen SINTEF Materials and Chemistry
Background Seaweed as a protein source for animal feed Evaluate the properties of seaweed and seaweed protein as feed ingredients for monogastric animals and ruminants Develop fractionation processes for preparation of protein-rich products 2
Background Protein from seaweed some simple calculations The relevant brown algal species contain approximately 1 % dry weight (dw) and 1 % protein of dw when harvested in May-June Protein costs as a function of biomass costs, exclusive processing: Biomass costs Protein cost [NOK/tonne ww] [ /tonne ww] [NOK/kg dw] [ /kg dw] [NOK/kg protein] [ /kg protein] 1 1 111 1 11 1 111 1 111 1 1,1 1 11 2 22 2,22 2 2,2 Fish meal: 12-15 kr/kg Soy protein: 4-5 kr/kg 3
Aims Keeping in mind that one or more higher value products need to be produced to 'pay' for the protein, the objectives of the work are: To provide knowledge about the seaweed protein as a nutrient source for animals Evaluation of nutrient value and any positive or negative effects of biomass components in animal feeding experiments Develop fractionation processes for preparation of protein-rich products and extracts to be used as food and feed ingredients Explore the use of enzymes as processing tool and for increasing protein- and polysaccharide digestibility, and Design energy efficient processes for complete utilisation of the biomass 4
Feedstock Three species: Cultivated Saccharina latissima (sugar kelp) and Alaria esculenta (winged kelp) from SINTEF (Frøya / Hitra) Wild Palmaria palmata (Dulce) from NIBIO (Bodø) Species Harvesting date Dry weight [%] Ash [% of dw] Protein [% of dw] Total aa Total N N*5.8 S. latissima June 215 1.5±.5 43.8±.1 11.3±.3 1.98±.2 11.5 S. latissima June 216 12.3±1.2 46.9±.6 P. palmata May 215 15.±.5 21.2±.2 19.2 4.12±.5 23.9 P. palmata December 215 2.8±1.7 1.5±.1 11.6±.2 2.95±.3 17.1 A. esculenta June 215 18.3±1. 17.3±1. 11.7±.2 2.45±.6 14.2 A. esculenta June 216 23.5±.1 5
Protein solubility and extraction yields 7 7 Saccharina 6 Fraction soluble [% of total] 6 5 4 3 2 1 Acid Water NaOH Acid Water NaOH Alaria Saccharina Solubility N Tot aa Extraction yield [%] 6 5 4 3 2 1 Acid Water NaOH Acid Water NaOH N Tot aa Extraction yields at 1:1 addition of water (5-6 % dw) Released liquid [% of wet weight] 5 4 3 2 1 2 4 6 8 1 12 ph Liquid release as a function of ph A. esc. June-15 S. lat. June-15 S. lat. Oct-14 6 A low fraction of the protein in the brown algae is soluble Extraction yields depend on the volumes of water (acid/alkali) added Efficient solid/liquid separation at high ph is only possible at high dilution
Enzymes for increased protein extraction yields Water addition should be minimised to reduce processing costs Polysaccharide-degrading enzymes may increase protein availability and facilitate extraction when using low water volumes Enzymes: Brown algae: Alginate lyase (from CEVA) and cellulase (commercial) Palmaria: Xylanases (commercial and from Matis) 7
Enzymes for increased protein extraction yields 7 Palmaria Dec -15 7 Palmaria May -15 5 Saccharina Extraction yield [%] 6 5 4 3 2 1 Extraction yield [%] 6 5 4 3 2 1 Extraction yield [%] 4 3 2 1 Control Xyl 1 (com) Xyl 2 (com) Xyl 1 + Alc Xyl 2 + Alc Control Xyl 3 (Matis) UmZ Xyl 3 + UmZ Control Aly Aly + Alc Extraction yields at 5-6 % dw (1:1 dilution of Saccharina and Palmaria from May -15, 1:2.6 dilution of Palmaria from Dec -15) 8
Enzymes for increased protein extraction yields Alginate lyase reduces viscosity and enables a more efficient solid-liquid separation Xylanase completely degrades the biomass particles (to a 'mousse') Need to verify that the enzymes increase the extraction yields at high(er) solid concentrations (our hypothesis) Saccharina after enzyme treatment Palmaria after enzyme treatment 9
Production of fractions for animal feeding Saccharina and Palmaria, ~2 kg ww of each, Alaria ~15 kg ww Frozen, wet biomass Drying Milling Protease treatment + Water Heating Enzyme treatment Centrifugation Drying Insoluble fraction Liquid (soluble) phase Membrane filtration Protease treatment Retentate Drying S3 Milling Drying S2 Drying S1 S5 S6 1
Palmaria and Saccharina production SINTEF Ocean's mobile pilot plant Mincer Heat exchanger Hydrolysis tank Tricanter Polishing centrifuge 11
12 Saccharina processing
Palmaria processing 13
Palmaria and Saccharina production Material balances and yields 1 Saccharina 1 Palmaria 8 8 Content [kg] 6 4 2 N Total aa Ash Iodine [g/5] Content [kg] 6 4 2 N Total aa Ash In Extract Sludge In Extract Sludge 14 'Washed' biomass, fraction of recovered [%] Dry weight 45 N 7 Total aa 85 Ash 18 Iodine 15 'Washed' biomass, fraction of recovered [%] Dry weight 39 N 79 Total aa 79 Ash 13
Palmaria and Saccharina production Composition of the products Iodine SI: 6 g/kg S2: 2.9 g/kg 15
Summary Low fraction of soluble protein in brown algae For animal feed, the most feasible processing alternative will be to reduce the content of soluble compounds (salts, iodine ), not to extract the protein A trade-off between minimum loss and an efficient reduction of soluble compounds This strategy will not require use of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes Additional processing of the insoluble fraction is possible, eg. use of (cheap) proteases to increase the protein availability and digestibility 16
Protein for animal feed - Economic feasibility Quantitiy [kg] 2 15 1 5 Biomass composition June Sep - Oct Ash** 2 Others* Protein 15 Value [NOK] Cellulose Fucoidan 1 Alginate Mannitol 5 Laminaran Theoretical biomass value June Sep - Oct Ash** Others* Protein Cellulose Fucoidan Alginate Mannitol Laminaran Content and value of 1 t wet weight S. latissima 1 kg dw in June, ~18 kg dw in Sep-Oct Value in June: ~79 kr/tonne wet weight (79 kr/kg dw) The value relies on the higher-value products Quantitiy [kg] 2 15 1 5 Extractable compounds (yields) Value [NOK] Ash** 2 Others* Protein 15 Cellulose Fucoidan 1 Alginate Mannitol 5 Laminaran Value extracted compounds Ash** Others* Protein Cellulose Fucoidan Alginate Mannitol Laminaran Taking into account the realistic extraction yields: Value in June: ~52 kr/tonne wet weight (52 kr/kg dw) Protein value: 12 kr/tonne wet weight (8 % recovery) 17 June Sep - Oct June Sep - Oct
Partners and people contributing to the results SINTEF Materials and Chemistry Ingrid Sandbakken Inga Marie Aasen SINTEF Ocean Raza Slizyte Jorunn Skjermo and others Inga Marie Ingrid NTNU Master students with Turid Rustad as supervisor NIBIO Michael Roleda Rasa Jorunn Turid MATIS Rosa Jonsdottir and others 18 CEVA Helene Mairfang Michael Rosa Helene