August 10, 2007 To: From: RE: Primary Care Physicians and Clinicians XXX on behalf of the Upper Midwest Fistula First Coalition Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Resources Caring for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a great challenge for both primary care providers and nephrologists. This challenge increases when patients do not receive a timely referral to a nephrologist. This delayed referral leads to emergency dialysis with higher morbidity, mortality and excessive cost. Emergency dialysis limits the dialysis modality choice, endangers the ability to place a permanent vascular access prior to dialysis initiation, precludes psychological preparation of patients and family, and frequently necessitates hospitalization for a catastrophic complex illness. Early referral of chronic kidney disease patients offers many advantages. In addition to beginning the process of education and preparation for renal replacement therapy, benefits include: A diligent search may reveal a potentially reversible cause of renal failure. A number of measures may be implemented to preserve the remaining renal function, e.g., good control of blood pressure, glucose control in diabetics, nutritional guidance, and avoidance of nephrotoxic drugs. Upper extremity vessels may be preserved for placement of a native arteriovenous fistula, the most reliable type of vascular access. Treatment of anemia with erythropoietin may significantly improve life quality. Secondary hyperthyroidism may be treated with phosphate binders and calcitriol. Referral to a team consisting of a nephrologist, renal dietitian, dialysis nurse, social worker and financial counselor allows time to establish the best treatment modality for the patient, develop financial support if needed and to allay the fears of both patient and family. In order to assist you in identifying and treating chronic kidney disease in your patients, we are providing you two resources to use within your practice. The first resource is a pocket guide developed by the National Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) of the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) and includes the Clinical Action Plan to assist you in developing an individualized CKD plan of care for your patients, and Clinical Interventions for Adults that will provide a summary of recommended interventions for patients with complications associated with CKD. The second resource is a wall chart that displays two algorithms, a CKD assessment algorithm that will assist you in identifying patients as having CKD, and a treatment algorithm that will assist you in developing a treatment plan for patients with CKD. These resources are also available to download electronically at www.esrdnet11.org/coalition. We hope you will find this a useful tool in working with your patients who may need treatment or referral for their kidney disease. If you have any questions please feel free to contact YYY at XXX-XXX-XXXX.
GFR CALCULATION To calculate GFR, the MDRD Formula can be used for adults: Estimated GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) = 186 (SCr ) -1.154 (Age) -0.203 (0.742 if female) (1.21 if African American) Or visit the National Kidney Foundation website to use calculator: http://www.kidney.org/professionals/kdoqi/gfr_calculator.cfm Adapted from the National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification and Stratification. AM J Kidney Dis 39, 2002 (suppl 1).
Adapted from the National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification and Stratification. AM J Kidney Dis 39, 2002 (suppl 1) Distributed with permission by the Upper Midwest Fistula First Coalition
CKD Assessment Algorithm Identification, Treatment, and Referral Patient Office Visit Is patient at risk for CKD? Susceptability Direct Risk Factors Progressive Risk Factors -Age > 60 years -Diabetes -Systemic infections -High levels proteinuria -Family history of CKD -High blood pressure -Urinary tract infection -Malignant hypertension -Autoimmune diseases -Urinary stones -Poor glycemic control -Lower urin tract obstruction -Drug toxicity -Smoking -Hx acute renal failure -Exposure drugs/procedures Change Concept 1 STOP Perform routine screening for CKD for patients at increased risk *Serum creatnine to determine estimated GFR *Assessment of proteinuria *Urinalysis for presence of white & red blood cells Change Concept 2 Determine Stage of CKD Does patient have abnormal GFR > 3 months? Does patient have protein to creatinine ratio > 1.0 gm? Stage 1 GFR > 90 P:C > 1.0 x 2 Stage 2 GFR 60-89 Stage 3 GFR 30-59 Stage 4 GFR 15-29 Stage 5 GFR < 15 Follow Up CKD Monitoring -Test patients at risk for CKD annually -Counsel patients at risk for CKD but found not to have CKD to reduce risk factors when possible. Begin CKD Treatment: Develop Clinical Action Plan Collaborate with nephrologist to develop action plan to include: *Evaluate and manage comorbid conditions (Primary care, all stages) *Slow the loss of kidney function (Co-management, all stages) *Prevent & treat cardiovascular disease (Primary care, all stages) *Prevent & treat complications of decreased kidney function (Co-management, all stages) *Prepare for kidney failure and replacement therapy (Nephrology, stage 4) *Replace kidney function (Nephrology, stage 5) Consult nephrology if action plan cannot be performed or carried out or when GFR < 60 Change Concept 3 Identify risks associated with CKD *Evaluate type of kidney disease *Evaluate complications of kidney disease: anemia, hypertension, malnutrition, bone disease, metabolic acidosis, congestive heart failure, hyperkalemia, edema determined to fluid overload, neuropathy *Evaluate risk for loss of kidney function *Evaluate comoribid conditions *Evaluate risk for cardiovascular disease Change Concept 4 Assess barriers to treatment adherence *Family and social support *Depression *Income & unemployment concerns *Stress and coping mechanisms *Perceptions of illness & treatment *Limited access to medications and/or care Change Concept 6 Review medication usage at follow-up visits *Evaluate for necessary dose adjustments based on level of kidney function *Evaluate for adverse effects of medications on kidney function (NSAIDs, IV contrast) *Evaluate for drug interactions *Counsel patient to avoid nephrotoxic drugs and IV contrast *Evaluate appropriateness for ARB/ACE inhibitor with diagnosis of hypertension *Evaluate need for therapeutic drug monitoring Change Concept 5 Consult/Refer to Nephrologist Monitor CKD Progression Does patient have GFR < 60 for > 3 months or proteinuria > 3 gm? *Consult nephrologist at Stage 1 if hematuris or significant proteinuria present *Consult nephrologist at Stage 2 if GFR declines > 4mL/min/yr *Consult nephrologist at Stage 3 for al patients with CKD *Refer patient to nephrologist for evaluation when GFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 2 Change Concept 7
CKD Treatment Algorithm CKD Stage 1 GFR > 90 P:C ratio > 1.0 gm protein/gm creatinine x 2 CKD Stage 2 GFR 60-89 CKD Stage 3 GFR 30-59 CKD Stage 4 GFR 15-29 CKD Stage 5 GFR < 15 PRIMARY CARE PRIMARY CARE CO-MANAGEMENT NEPHROLOGY NEPHROLOGY BP monitoring q 6 mo. GFR q 12 mo. Urinalysis q 12 mo. to assess hematuria, proteinuria, microalbuminuria BP monitoring q 3-12 mo. GFR q 12 mo. Urinalysis q 3-12 mo. to assess hematuria, proteinuria, microalbuminuria Lipids q 12 mo Hgb q 12 mo. if > 11 gm/dl Distributed by the Upper Midwest Fistula First Coalition BP monitoring q 3-12 mo. GFR q 3-12 mo. Urinalysis q 6-12 mon. to assess hematuria, proteinuria, microalbuminuria Lipids q 2 mo Hgb > 11 q 3-6 mo. Hgb < 11 q 1-3 mo. Lytes and glucose q 12 mon. PTH, Ca & P q 3-12 mo. salt & potassium The Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) recommendations for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification, and Stratification were used to develop portions of these documents. BP monitoring q 3-6 mo. GFR q 3-6 mo. Hgb q 3-6 mo., monthly if on ESA therapy PTH, Ca, P. q 3-6 mo. salt, phos. & potassium Anemia Vascular access placement Modality options REFERRALS Surgeon for vascular access placement Transplant center for eval GFR q 1-3 mo. Hgb monthly PTH, Ca, P q 1-3 mo. HBV titer fluids, salt, phos. & potassium Anemia Vascular access monitoring Modality options Evaluation for kidney transplant REFERRALS Surgeon for vascular access intervention, as needed Transplant center for eval