1. What muscle layer surrounds an individual muscle fiber? 2. What muscle layer surrounds a fascicle (bundle of muscle fibers) 3. What muscle layer surrounds a bunch of fascicles? 4. What muscle layer becomes the tendon? 5. What is the MUSCLE FASCIA 6. What does it do? 1. Endomycium 2. Perimycium 3. Epimycium (becomes the tendon) 4. Epimycium (becomes the tendon) MUSCLE FASCIA is loose fibrous connective tissue on the outside of the muscle. It creates a slippery surface for muscles to rub against each other. 7. What is an aponeurosis? A modified tendon. It usually inserts just under the skin. This occurs in the palm and scalp. 8. Name four types of muscles TYPES OF MUSCLES: PARALLEL PENNATE CONVERGENT 9. Which muscle type has long fibers that contract a long way but are relatively weak? 10. Name 3 types of PENNATE MUSCLES 11. What type of muscle has many short fascicles, is fairly strong, and insert on one side of a tendon? CIRCULAR PARALLEL MUSCLE PENNATE (pinnate=feather) 1. UNIPENNATE 2. BIPENNATE 3. MULTIPENNATE UNIPENNATE
12. What muscle type has fascicles that insert into the tendon from both sides? BIPENNATE 13. What muscle type has fascicles in multiple bundles inserting on one tendon? MULTIPENNATE are the strongest; they are multitendon (biceps femoris; deltoid). 14. Which muscle type is the strongest? 15. What muscle type has more fibers than parallel, the fibers come together on the tip of a tendon, and contract a greater distance than pinnate? CONVERGENT MUSCLE 16. What does a Circular Muscle form? Circular Muscle forms SPHINCTER.
17. Define ORIGIN 18. Define INSERTION Origin: The region which usually doesn t move when th muscle contracts. Look at the biceps brachii; does the shoulder move when I bend my arm (insertion)? No; th shoulder = origin. Insertion: The point of attachment that moves; bend arm radial tuberosity = attachment. 19. What is the main muscle for a particular action 20. called? 21. What is the muscle that helps the agonist (primary mover)? AGONIST SYNERGIST 22. What muscle does the opposite action of t ANTAGONIST prime mover? 23. What are the 3 types of muscle cells? SKELETAL SMOOTH CARDIAC 24. Which muscles are voluntary? 1) Skeletal 25. Which are striated? 2) Skeletal and cardiac 26. Where is skeletal muscle found and Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and it moves the what does it do? skeleton 27. Where is cardiac muscle found and Cardiac muscle is only in the heart. It has intercalated what structure does it have that the discs other muscle types do not have? 28. Where is smooth muscle found? Smooth muscle is found in almost all organs, such as the stomach and uterus. 29. What is a muscle stem cell called? MYOBLAST 30. Why are there almost no muscle diseases? Because adults have myoblasts and because muscle can heal. 31. What 2 things are needed for muscle NERVE SIGNAL and CALCIUM 32. What is a MOTOR UNIT? A single neuron and all of the muscle fibers on which it synapses.
33. What happens to muscles after much exercise? 34. What happens to muscles after lack of use? 35. What are characteristics of muscle atrophy? 36. What is MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY caused from? 37. What is lacking in muscular dystrophy? 38. What is the main symptom of muscular dystrophy? 39. When smooth muscle contracts around the intestines, the movement is called? 40. What type of muscle has a series of gap junctions (for cell-to-cell communication) and desmosomes (that hold cells together) which join each cell? 41. Fill in the table: Involuntary or voluntary? Striated or nonstriated Where is it found? Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Exercise HYPERTROPHY (Hyper=above normal) (growth in size); can happen in two ways: 1. Increase in number of myofibrils 2. Increase in number of myofilaments Those two things cause an increase in size of individual myofibers NOTE: the number of myofibers does NOT increase Lack of use ATROPHY. a) It is caused by lack of use b) myofilaments within the muscle decrease in size c) severe atrophy involves replacement of muscle fibers with connective tissue d) damaged nerve and immobilization in a cast can cause atrophy Atrophy generally does NOT involve loss of muscle cells unless it is severe. This is a genetic lack of a protein called DISTROPHIN. The protein, dystrophin. Without it, the muscles turn to connective tissue and harden. The muscle cell won t contract = paralysis. PERISTALSIS. Cardiac Muscle Invol voluntary? Striated or nonstriated Where is it found? Skeletal Smooth Cardiac muscle muscle muscle Volun Involun Involun Striated Inserts onto bones Nonstriated blood vessels, uterus, intestines, bladder, other organs Striated Myocardium of heart
42. What is the normal state of a muscle, with some 43. What is the molecular energy needed for MUSCLE CONTRACTION? 44. What do the mitochondria need in order to produce this energy? 45. What are MUSCLE SPASMS 46. How can you avoid them? MUSCLE TONE ATP. The mitochondria need oxygen and the sugars that are in storage to produce this energy. Sudden and involuntary muscle contractions. Usually caused from overexertion. Needs heat and massage to increase circulation. You can avoid muscle spasms by stretching before and after activities. 47. What is OXYGEN DEBT? The amount of oxygen needed to replenish the supply following aerobic demand. 48. How do you know when you have it? You experience oxygen debt when you continue to breathe heavily after exercising 49. Name 4 physiological benefits of exercise: improved muscular strength, endurance, flexibility improved cardio-respiratory endurance increased bone density and strength relief from depression and increased HDLs 50. Which characteristic of skeletal muscle Extensibility allows the fibers to be stretched? 51. Which characteristic of skeletal muscle Elasticity allows the fibers to recoil to their original length after being stretched? 52. Which characteristic of skeletal muscle Excitability allows the fibers to stimulated by a nerve? 53. Muscle myofibrils contain what two Actin and myosin proteins? 54. What is it that contracts in muscle? The sarcomere 55. What is the basic structural and Sarcomere functional unit of skeletal muscle? 56. What is a single muscle cell called? Muscle fiber or myofiber 57. What are the two types of Actin (thin) and myosin (thick) myofilaments? 58. Do actin and myosin shorten? No, they just slide past each other 59. When does the sliding filament When calcium ions bind to the myofilament. mechanism begin? 60. Which myofilament does calcium bind onto? The thin (actin filament)
61. Where is calcium stored for muscle Sarcoplasmic reticulum 62. To which myofilament does ATP attach ATP attaches to the myosin filament in a muscle fiber? 63. What is required for muscle relaxation? ATP 64. What neurotransmitter is used for contraction of skeletal muscle, and on Acetylcholine, which is released onto the region known as the end plate what region does it land on? 65. What two proteins wrap around actin? Tropomyosin and troponin 66. What specific molecule on actin is the Troponin binding site for calcium? 67. What covers the actin filament when Tropomyosin and troponin muscle is relaxed? 68. Which protein blocks the attachment Tropomyosin site for myosin heads? 69. What size motor unit will supply less strength and more precision? Small motor unit NOTE: questions in yellow are for A&P students only. They are physiology questions that are not for the Anatomy students. 70. Muscle fibers exist in what two basic Fast twitch and slow twitch forms? 71. Which form has relatively few Fast twitch mitochondria that generate most of their ATP via glycolysis, so they have low resistance to fatigue, and they wear out quickly 72. What phase of muscle contraction is the lag phase time between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of 73. What phase of muscle contraction is the contraction phase time of 74. What phase of muscle contraction is the relaxation phase time during which the muscle relaxes? 75. What phase of muscle contraction is the refractory period time between muscle twitches? 76. The force of contraction produced by a Summation and recruitment muscle is increased in what two ways? 77. Which way involves increasing the Summation force of contraction of the muscle fibers within the muscle by rapidly stimulating them? 78. Which way involves increasing the Recruitment number of fibers contracting? 79. What is an example of an isometric Pushing against a wall
80. Which type of contraction causes Concentric contractions muscle tension to increase as the muscle shortens? 81. What is an example of an isotonic Lifting a weight 82. What is muscle tone? The normal state of muscle, with some 83. What is HYPOtonia? What type of hypotonia is there? 84. What group of disorders often present with HYPOtonia? 85. What is hypertonia? What two types of HYPERtonia are there? 86. How do you test for the presence of spasticity? 87. What autoimmune disorder often presents with spasticity? 88. What other three disorders often present with spasticity? contraction. Not enough muscle tone Flaccidity Lower motor neuron diseases (certain spinal cord injuries and lesions, ALS/Lou Gehrig s Disease) Excess muscle tone Spasticity and Rigidity Passively move their elbow quickly, and their muscle will tighten up Multiple sclerosis Cerebral palsy, certain spinal cord injuries and lesions, and stroke (upper motor neuron disorders) 89. How do you test for clonus? Passively and rapidly dorsiflex the foot. If the foot then jerks 5 times or more, clonus is present. 90. The presence of clonus indicates what type of disorder? 91. How can you test for the difference between an upper and lower motor neuron disorder? Upper motor neuron disorder (Cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, and stroke) LMN disease will present with flaccidly (hypotonia), and UMN disease presents with spasticity (hypertonia) 92. What is the most common cause of hyper-reflexia? Spinal cord injury involving upper motor neurons 93. What generally causes muscle Diarrhea fasciculations? Dehydration 94. Does alcohol cause them? Fatigue Benadryl Alcohol does NOT cause them. It relaxes muscle 95. What is the most common cause of Lower motor neuron disease hyporreflexia? 96. What are causes muscle contractures? They are caused by elastic fibers becoming inelastic fibers, and flexibility is reduced. 97. What types of patients get muscle contractures? They are seen in patients with paralysis, muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy.
98. When does a person switch from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic? 99. Where is ATP made during aerobic respiration? 100. Where is ATP made during anaerobic respiration? 101. What are the waste products of regular, aerobic respiration? How do we get rid of them? In muscles, when they run out of ATP (sprint running), they will start to make it anaerobically Mitochondria Cytoplasm CO2 and water. We exhale them 102. What is the waste product of anaerobic metabolism? How do we get rid of it? 103. What is the storage form of ATP? Creatine phosphate Lactic acid. We breathe heavier to bring in oxygen, which converts lactic acid into glucose 104. What stops us from being able to continue performing anaerobic metabolism (when you have to stop sprint running and catch your breath)? Glucose depletion and buildup of too much lactic acid.