NIKLAS BALDIS- CENTRAL CATHOLIC HIGH SCHOOL MUSIC INFLUENCE ON BACTERIAL REPLICATION

NIKLAS BALDIS- CENTRAL CATHOLIC HIGH SCHOOL MUSIC INFLUENCE ON BACTERIAL REPLICATION

MUSIC Elements: pitch, rhythm, timbre, texture, and dynamics Different types of music can exclude and include certain elements. Originated in the Paleolithic Era

MUSIC CLAIMS Positive effects on growth of plants and microbes Changes growth curve, decreases lag time, and increases growth rate of E.coli highly statistically significant effects on the number of seeds sprouted compared to the untreated control. Healing ability for Parkinson s disease Decreases activity in the prefrontal cortex

MICROFLORA OF THE BODY Variety of organisms that live in and on the body Skin Gastrointestinal tracts Nose Pharynx Mouth Conjunctiva Provide moisture, nourishment, and a stable ph for body to properly function

EXAMPLES OF MICROBIAL FLORA Fungi Yeast Malassezia fungi Bacterium Enterobacteria Streptococcus salivarius Staphylococcus epidermidis Neisseria meningitidis

ESCHERICHIA COLI Prokaryotic, gram negative, unicellular, bacterial cell Mostly found in large intestine of warmblooded animals Can reproduce in 20 minutes Some species are symbiotic and produce Vitamin K and absorb nutrients Pathogenic: Enterotoxigenic (ETEC), Enteropathogenic (EPEC), Enteroinvasive (EIEC), Enterohemoryhagic (EHEC), Enteroaggregative (EAEC)

PAST STUDIES Not many similar studies Relevant study: Experimental Investigation on the Effects of Audible Sound to the Growth of Escherichia coli. by Joanna Cho Lee Ying, Jedol Dayou, and Khim Phin Chong Results: 5 khz was the most influential volume to E.coli growth

RATIONALE The purpose of this experiment is to determine if different intensities of pop music can significantly affect the growth of E.coli

HYPOTHESES Null- the music will not significantly affect the growth of E.coli Alternative- the music will significantly affect the growth of E.coli

MATERIALS Sterile macropipette Sterile micropipette Sterile micropipette tips Sterile Dilution Fluid 100mM KH2PO4 100mM K2HPO4 10mM MgSO4 Sterile LB media 10g Tryptone (1%) 5g Yeast Extract (0.5%) 10g NaCl (1%) 2 ml 1N NaOH Sharpie Klett spectrophotometers 1mM NaCl 13 inch Macbook Air Incubator 15 inch Macbook Pro Escherichia coli C ipad Sterile sidearm flasks (+2 blanks) ipod Masking Tape "Ways to Go" by Grouplove

SIDEARM FLASKS AND KLETT SPECTROPHOTOMETER

PROCEDURE 1. E.coli C was grown overnight in sterile LB media 2. The culture was placed in an incubator (37 ) until a density of 100-110 Klett units was reached 3. The culture was regrown in the morning and 0.5 mls of E.coli and 9.5 mls of LB media was pipetted into sterile sidearm flasks, creating a final volume of 10 mls (30 total flasks) 4. The flasks were placed in 5 separate rooms (21, 1 centimeter from music source, no lighting) and the volume of the song was turned up to the assigned intensity 5. Every hour music was paused and the flasks were collected and shaken to suspend E.coli. The population density was recorded using a Klett Spectrophotometer (18 hour duration)

MUSIC INFLUENCE ON E.COLI GROWTH 140 Average Klett Reading Control 65 db 78 db 87 db 94 db p= 0.140182 Population Density (Klett units) 105 70 35 p= 1.6e-5 p= 0.000257 0 0 2 4 5.5 7 8 18 Time Elapsed (Hours)

DUNNETT S TEST RESULTS 5.5 HOURS ELAPSED T-CRITICAL 3.48 65 db 78 db 87 db 94 db T=.50673 T= 2.4211 T= 4.222 T= 0.2252 8 HOURS ELAPSED T-CRITICAL 3.48 Not Significant Not Significant Significant Not Significant 65 db 78 db 87 db 94 db T= 2.28449 T= 2.2437 T= 6.333 T=.68004 Not Significant Not Significant Significant Not Significant

CONCLUSIONS There is evidence to allow the rejection of the null hypothesis, music did significantly affect E.coli At 5.5 hours and 8 hours a sound level of 87 db appeared to have significant negative effect on the E.coli. By 18 hours, failed to reject the null hypothesis (saturated?)

LIMITATIONS Limited number of readings 4 volumes tested Only growth rate measured Small variation in optical properties of flasks Long gaps between readings Exposed to 21 rooms

EXTENSIONS More trials More frequent readings Greater volume ranges An optimal environment (37 ) Compare gram positive to gram negative microbes Different types of music and songs Alter volume of media Trypan blue assay

REFERENCES Creath, Katherine, and Gary E. Schwartz. "Measuring Effects of Music, Noise, and Healing Energy Using a Seed Germination Bioassay." The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 10.1 (2004): 113-22. Web. "Details on Probiotics - Custom Probiotics." Custom Probiotics. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2016. "General Information." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 06 Nov. 2015. Web. 28 Dec. 2015. Juergensmeyer, Elizabeth A., and Margaret A. Juergensmeyer. Effect of Vibration on Bacterial Growth and Antibiotic Resistance (2004): n. pag. NASA. Web. Meggiato, Riccardo. "How To Make Yeast And Use It At Home: The Science Of Yeast." Fine Dining Lovers. N.p., 6 July 2012. Web. 25 Jan. 2016. "Music." - Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2015. <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/music>. Parry, Waynne. Music s Effects on the Mind Remain Mysterious. Scientific American. Scientific American "Pathogenic Escherichia Coli." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2015. <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/pathogenic_escherichia_coli>. Pietrangelo, Ann. "E. Coli Infection." Healthline. Health Line, 15 Oct. 2015. Web. 28 Dec. 2015. Rahman, Shiva. "Music And Emotion." The Odyssey. N.p., 24 Nov. 2015. Web. 25 Jan. 2016. Waters, Jo. "Did You Know E.coli Bacteria Can Reproduce a Whole Generation in 20 Minutes?" Whatsupwithyourhealth.wordpress.com. Whatsupwithyourhealth.wordpress.com, 04 Nov. 2012. Web. 29 Dec. 2015.

ANOVA RESULTS 5.5 Hour Reading F-Test 11.7696 8 hour Reading F-Test 8.05473 F-Critical 2.75871 F-Critical 2.75871 Alpha 0.05 Alpha 0.05 P-Value 1.6E-05 P-Value 0.000257 18 Hour Reading F-Test 1.90928 F-Critical 2.75871 Alpha 0.05 P-Value 0.140182

SPECTROPHOTOMETER DATA Control Reading 2 Hour Reading #1 12 7 12 17 26 #2 3 12 18 12 11 #3 9 6 14 9 27 #4 12 21 16 12 16 #5 11 4 22 12 12 #6 10 21 10 12 13 #1 +9 +11 +7 +6-4 #2 +10 +8-4 -6 +0 #3 +5 +12 +2 +7 +1 #4 +13-11 -5-1 -5 #5 +12 +4 +7 +3 +4 #6 +10-11 -3-3 -2 4 Hour Reading #1 +23 +32 +23 +13-1 #2 +26 +26 +17 +8 +20 #3 +24 +28 +16 +14 +9 #4 +23 +11 +18 +12 +18 #5 +27 +29 +18 +18 +17 #6 +24 +14 +20 +12 +16

SPECTROPHOTOMETER DATA CONTINUED 5.5 Hour Reading 7 Hour Reading #1 +45 +53 +45 +32 +31 #2 +53 +52 +42 +28 +43 #3 +44 +52 +53 +34 +39 #4 +52 +35 +45 +33 +37 #5 +47 +52 +58 +33 +46 #6 +45 +36 +50 +33 +27 #1 +74 +85 +78 +55 +52 #2 +77 +79 +69 +53 +61 #3 +84 +86 +72 +56 +63 #4 +78 +68 +74 +58 +63 #5 +76 +86 +78 +56 +68 #6 +70 +69 +78 +58 +62 8 Hour Reading 18 Hour Reading #1 +94 +100 +96 +78 +75 #2 +92 +93 +83 +73 +89 #3 +91 +100 +92 +87 +88 #4 +93 +84 +89 +85 +86 #5 +93 +105 +90 +80 +90 #6 +85 +86 +96 +84 +82 #1 +94 +96 +88 +98 +88 #2 +94 +112 +101 +108 +101 #3 +100 +90 +75 +95 +118 #4 +106 +96 +106 +107 +103 #5 +94 +96 +81 108 +100 #6 +105 +103 +104 +107 +116

AVERAGE SPECTROPHOTOMETER READING Control Reading Average 9.5 11.833333 15.333333 12.333333 17.5 2 Hour Reading Average 14 16 13.33333 16.5 14 4 Hour Reading Average 35.166666 34 25.16666 30.66666 35.16666 5.5 Hour Reading Average 57 58.5 64.16666 44.5 56.33333 7 Hour Reading Average 86 90.666666 90.166666 68.333333 79 8 Hour Reading Average 100.83333 106.5 106.33333 94.5 102.5 18 Hour Reading Average 108.33333 110.66666 106.83333 114.33333 121.83333