If the left side of your brain controls the right side of your body, and the right side of your brain controls the left side of your body, then left-handed people must be the only ones in their right minds. --W.C. Fields Conducting system Receives (sensory) receptors Transmits (motor) effectors (chemical, mechanical) Components Central (CNS) Peripheral (PNS) Neuron Functional Categories Sensory = Afferent Somatic Nerves Sensory Motor Motor = fferent Neuroglia Body (perikaryon) Visceral Nerves Sensory Motor Fiber = process of a nerve cell (neuron) Myelinated = thick wrapping neuroglia Unmyelinated nerve = less wrapping 1
presynaptic postsynaptic membranes White and Gray Matter Association neurons Collateral Preic Postic Collateral Preic Postic Collateral 2
Preic Postic Collateral Lamprey R Fish, Amphibian R R R motor Preic Postic Preic Postic Collateral Collateral 3
Autonomic Autonomic Define visceral motor neurons ventral root pre- and post-ic Two contrasting systems sympathetic parasympathetic Autonomic chain ganglia Fight or Flee 4
Parasympathetic Neurotransmitter xceptions: Adrenal gland Peripheral bv Sweat glands Preic to Postic Otto Loewi 1873 1961 Neurotransmitter * Adrenal gland sympathetic, preic * * * Preic to Postic Medical Implications Raynaud s Disease Preic Postic Collateral 5
Types of Sensory Receptors xteroceptors -- outside Interoceptors -- inside Proprioceptors special interoceptors Motor connections cortex to primary motor neurons Pain, temperature, tactile sensations to Thalamus = Corticospinal 6
Medulla oblongata Functions roots of cranial nerves ascending and descending pathways centers (visceral, auditory, proprioceptive) (e.g. respiration, heart beat) Input sensory nerves, hypothalamus Functions monitors & modifies quilibrium (touch, vision, hearing, etc) Functions monitors & modifies quilibrium (touch, vision, hearing, etc) Refinement of motor action Ataxia Dysmetria Functions monitors & modifies quilibrium (touch, vision, hearing, etc) Refinement of motor action volution fishes acousticolateralis system (lateral line system) tetrapods proprioception from limbs, body 7
OPTIC LOBS (mesencephalon) Anatomy tectum roof sensory tegmentum floor motor Blindsight volution transfer forward Blindsight THALAMUS CRBRUM Cerebral hemispheres pithalamus pineal, habenular nucleus, post. commisure Hypothalamus visceral brain center (temp., water, appetite, emotion, other) Thalamus proper relay center Pallium medial dorsal lateral Subpallium Striatum Septum Morphological out dated (tired) Descriptive (wired) PALLIUM Medial ------------ Archipallium (Hippocampus) Neopallium (Cerebral cortex) Lateral Paleopallium (Piriform cortex) SUBPALLIUM Striatum Corpus striatum (Basal nuclei) Septum Septum (Septal nuclei) (limbic system) 8
Cerebral Cortex Morphological out dated (tired) Descriptive (wired) PALLIUM Medial ------------ Archipallium (Hippocampus) Neopallium (Cerebral cortex) Lateral Paleopallium (Piriform cortex) SUBPALLIUM Striatum Corpus striatum (Basal nuclei) Septum Septum (Septal nuclei) (limbic system) Cerebral Cortex 9