Myers PSYCHOLOGY Unit 5 States of Consciousness "We do imagery work and talk about having that innovative mindset of being special," Wilson says. "We talk about being in the moment and increasing chaos throughout practice, so when I go into the game, everything is relaxed. - Russell Wilson Waking Consciousness Consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our environments William James and John Watson William James, 1904, Does Consciousness Exist? Questioned whether subject should be studied No way to study scientifically John Watson, 1913, Psychology as the Behaviorists Views It Discard references to consciousness Concentrate on observable behaviors States of Consciousness States of Consciousness 1
States of Consciousness States of Consciousness States of Consciousness States of Consciousness States of Consciousness Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms periodic physiological fluctuations Circadian Rhythm the biological clock regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle, such as of wakefulness and body temperature 2
Variations in sleeping patterns Cultural influences Sleep debt 3
4
5
Premenstrual Syndrome Negative mood score 3 2 Recalled mood is worse than earlier reported 1 Premenstrual Menstrual Intermenstrual Menstrual phase Actual Recalled mood Sleep and Dreams REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage vivid dreams paradoxical sleep muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness Sleep and Dreams Measuring sleep activity Brain Waves and Sleep Stages Alpha Waves slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain Delta Waves large, slow waves of deep sleep Hallucinations false sensory experiences Stages in a Typical Night s Sleep Stages in a Typical Night s Sleep Sleep stages Awake 1 Minutes of Stage 4 and REM 25 20 Decreasing Stage 4 2 3 4 REM 15 10 5 Increasing REM 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hours of sleep 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hours of sleep 6
SLEEP STAGES Stage One This is experienced as falling to sleep and is a transition stage between wake and sleep. It usually lasts between 1 and 5 minutes and occupies approximately 2-5 % of a normal night of sleep. Eyes begin to roll slightly. Consists mostly of theta waves (high amplitude, low frequency (slow)) Brief periods of alpha waves, similar to those present while awake See pg. 179- you will see a chart like this on the AP exam Hallucinations can occur and feeling of falling. Stage Two This follows Stage 1 sleep and is the "baseline" of sleep. This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle and occupies approximately 45-60% of sleep. Stage Three & Four Stages three and four are "Delta" sleep or "slow wave" sleep and may last 15-30 minutes. It is called "slow wave" sleep because brain activity slows down dramatically from the "theta" rhythm of Stage 2 to a much slower rhythm called "delta" and the height or amplitude of the waves increases dramatically. Stage Three and Four (continued) Contrary to popular belief, it is delta sleep that is the "deepest" stage of sleep (not REM) and the most restorative. It is delta sleep that a sleep-deprived person's brain craves the first and foremost. In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40% of all sleep time and this is what makes children unawake able or "dead asleep" during most of the night. Stage Five: REM SLEEP Paradoxical Sleep REM: Rapid Eye Movement This is a very active stage of sleep. Composes 20-25 % of a normal nights sleep. Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity quicken. Vivid Dreams can occur. Body is basically paralyzed during REM. From REM, you go back to Stage 2 7
Sleep Deprivation Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration depressed immune system greater vulnerability to accidents Accident frequency 2,800 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,400 Less sleep, more accidents Spring time change (hour sleep loss) Monday before time change 4,200 4000 3,800 More sleep, fewer accidents 3,600 Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Monday after time change Sleep Disorders Night Terrors and Nightmares Insomnia persistent problems in falling or staying asleep Narcolepsy uncontrollable sleep attacks Sleep Apnea temporary cessation of breathing momentary reawakenings Sleep stages Awake 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hours of sleep REM Night Terrors occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 high arousal-- appearance of being terrified Dreams: Freud Dreams: Freud Dreams sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person s mind hallucinatory imagery discontinuities incongruities delusional acceptance of the content difficulties remembering Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings Manifest Content remembered story line Latent Content underlying meaning 8
Dreams Sleep Across the Lifespan As Information Processing helps facilitate memories REM Rebound REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation Meanings of Consciousness Sensory Awareness Sights, sounds, smells, tastes, what is felt Selective attention Makes senses keener Sudden changes draws our attention Novel stimuli Critical Considerations: Does not address the neuroscience of dreams. Meanings of Consciousness Direct Inner Awareness Aware of images of senses, emotions, or memories whether you currently experience them or not Aware of mood Think of past events Think about abstract ideas (love, fairness) Meanings of Consciousness Sense of self Understanding that you are a unique individual, separate from other people and from your surroundings Aware of ourselves and our existence 9
Levels of Consciousness Conscious What you are aware of right now Preconscious Unaware of something until stimulated by a question, song, smell Just under the surface Easily recalled if necessary Unconscious Sometimes called subconscious Hidden information Freud believed this is where we hide our deepest desires, our painful memories, unacceptable thoughts and urges Nonconscious Basic biological functions Hypnosis Hypnosis a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis induced by the hypnotist s suggestion Hypnosis Unhypnotized persons can also do this Hypnosis Orne & Evans (1965) control group instructed to pretend unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones Posthypnotic Suggestion suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors Hypnosis Explaining Hypnosis Dissociation a split in consciousness allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others Hidden Observer Hilgard s term describing a hypnotized subject s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis 10
Facts and Falsehoods Can Anyone Experience Hypnosis? Postural sway Susceptibility Can Hypnosis Enhance Recall of Forgotten Events? Age regression Facts and Falsehoods Can Hypnosis Force People to Act Against Their Will? Can Hypnosis Be Therapeutic? Hypnotherapists Posthypnotic suggestion Can Hypnosis Alleviate Pain? Explaining the Hypnotic State Hypnosis as a Social Phenomenon Good hypnotic subjects Social influence theory Explaining the Hypnotic State Hypnosis as Divided Consciousness Hilgard Dissociation Unified account of hypnosis Levels of Analysis for Hypnosis Levels of Analysis for Hypnosis 11
Levels of Analysis for Hypnosis Levels of Analysis for Hypnosis Drugs and Consciousness Psychoactive Drug a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood Physical Dependence physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms Psychological Dependence a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions Dependence and Addiction Big effect Drug effect Little effect Small Response to first exposure Drug dose After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Large Tolerance diminishing effect with regular use Withdrawal discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use Psychoactive Drugs Depressants drugs that reduce neural activity slow body functions alcohol, barbiturates, opiates Stimulants drugs that excite neural activity speed up body functions Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine 12
Psychoactive Drugs Barbiturates drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement Psychoactive Drugs Opiates opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety Psychoactive Drugs Cocaine Euphoria and Crash Amphetamines drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive Drugs Ecstasy (MDMA) synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen both short-term and long-term health risks LSD lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid THC the major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations 13
Trends in Drug Use High school seniors reporting drug use 80% 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Alcohol Marijuana/ hashish Cocaine 0 1975 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 Year Perceived Marijuana Risk Percent of twelfth graders 100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Perceived great risk of harm in marijuana use Used marijuana 0 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 Year Near-Death Experiences Near-Death Experience an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death often similar to druginduced hallucinations Near-Death Experiences Dualism the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact Monism the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing 14