Genetics of Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Risk Assessment, Screening, and Risk Reduction Forum INCA-ASCO sobre Cancer Hereditario e Predisposicao Genetica ao Cancer Jeffrey N. Weitzel, M.D. Professor of Oncology and Population Sciences Director, Department of Clinical Cancer Genetics Cancer Screening & Prevention Program City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute
How Much Breast and Ovarian Cancer Is Hereditary? 15% -20% Breast Cancer 5% 7% ~10% Sporadic Family clusters Hereditary Ovarian Cancer ASCO
Advancing Age Early Menarche Lack of Exercise Alcohol Risks Related to Breast Cancer Overweight Hormone Replacement Therapy Gender Late Menopause Diet Close Relative Benign Breast Disease Age at First Birth Genetics Education & Income Ionizing Radiation??? Genetics Passive Smoke Chemicals -Work -Home -Garden -Recreation
Genetics and the Brave New World - or is it old world?
Finding Mutations is Difficult and Expensive BRCA1: 22 coding exons, > 5,500 bp AGCTCGCTGAGACTTCCTGGACCCCGCACCAGGCTGTGGGGTTTCTCAGATAACTGGGCCCCTGCGCTCAGGAGGCCTTCACCCTCTGCTCTGGGTAAAGTTCATTGGAACAGAAAGAAATGGAT TTATCTGCTCTTCGCGTTGAAGAAGTACAAAATGTCATTAATGCTATGCAGAAAATCTTAGAGTGTCCCATCTGTCTGGAGTTGATCAAGGAACCTGTCTCCACAAAGTGTGAC CACATATTTTGCAAATTTTGCATGCTGAAACTTCTCAACCAGAAGAAAGGGCCTTCACAGTGTCCTTTATGTAAGAATGATATAACCAAAAGGAGCCTACAAGAAAGTACGAGATTTAGTCAACTTGTTGAAGAGCTATTGAAAATCATTTGTGCTTTTCAGCTTGACACAGGTTTGGAGTATGCAAACAGCTATAATTTTGCAAAAAAGGAAAATAACTCTCCTGAACATCTAAAAGATGAA GTTTCTATCATCCAAAGTATGGGCTACAGAAACCGTGCCAAAAGACTTCTACAGAGTGAACCCGAAAATCCTTCCTTGCAGGAAACCAGTCTCAGTGTCCAACTCTCTAACCTTGGAACTGTGAGAACTCTGAGGACAAAGCAGCGGATACAACCTCAAAAGACGTCTGTCTACATTGAATTGGGATCTGATTCTTCTGAAGATACCGTTAATAAGGCAACTTATTGCAGTGTGGGAGATC AAGAATTGTTACAAATCACCCCTCAAGGAACCAGGGATGAAATCAGTTTGGATTCTGCAAAAAAGGCTGCTTGTGAATTTTCTGAGACGGATGTAACAAATACTGAACATCATCAACCCAGTAATAATGATTTGAACACCACTGAGAAGCGTGCAGCTGAGAGGCATCCAGAAAAGTATCAGGGTAGTTCTGTTTCAAACTTGCATGTGGAGCCATGTGGCACAAATACTCATGCCAGCTC ATTACAGCATGAGAACAGCAGTTTATTACTCACTAAAGACAGAATGAATGTAGAAAAGGCTGAATTCTGTAATAAAAGCAAACAGCCTGGCTTAGCAAGGAGCCAACATAACAGATGGGCTGGAAGTAAGGAAACATGTAATGATAGGCGGACTCCCAGCACAGAAAAAAAGGTAGATCTGAATGCTGATCCCCTGTGTGAGAGAAAAGAATGGAATAAGCAGAAACTGCCATGCTCAGA GAATCCTAGAGATACTGAAGATGTTCCTTGGATAACACTAAATAGCAGCATTCAGAAAGTTAATGAGTGGTTTTCCAGAAGTGATGAACTGTTAGGTTCTGATGACTCACATGATGGGGAGTCTGAATCAAATGCCAAAGTAGCTGATGTATTGGACGTTCTAAATGAGGTAGATGAATATTCTGGTTCTTCAGAGAAAATAGACTTACTGGCCAGTGATCCTCATGAGGCTTTAATATGTA AAAGTGAAAGAGTTCACTCCAAATCAGTAGAGAGTAATATTGAAGACAAAATATTTGGGAAAACCTATCGGAAGAAGGCAAGCCTCCCCAACTTAAGCCATGTAACTGAAAATCTAATTATAGGAGCATTTGTTACTGAGCCACAGATAATACAAGAGCGTCCCCTCACAAATAAATTAAAGCGTAAAAGGAGACCTACATCAGGCCTTCATCCTGAGGATTTTATCAAGAAAGCAGATTTG GCAGTTCAAAAGACTCCTGAAATGATAAATCAGGGAACTAACCAAACGGAGCAGAATGGTCAAGTGATGAATATTACTAATAGTGGTCATGAGAATAAAACAAAAGGTGATTCTATTCAGAATGAGAAAAATCCTAACCCAATAGAATCACTCGAAAAAGAATCTGCTTTCAAAACGAAAGCTGAACCTATAAGCAGCAGTATAAGCAATATGGAACTCGAATTAAATATCCACAATTCAAAA GGCTTTAAGTATCCAT GCACCTAAAAAGAATAGGCTGAGGAGGAAGTCTTCTACCAGGCATATTCATGCGCTTGAACTAGTAGTCAGTAGAAATCTAAGCCCACCTAATTGTACTGAATTGCAAATTGATAGTTGTTCTAGCAGTGAAGAGATAAAGAAAAAAAAGTACAACCAAATGCCAGTCAGGCACAGCAGAAACCTACAACTCATGGAAGGTAAAGAACCTGCAACTGGAGCCAAGAAGAGTAACAAGCCA AATGAACAGACAAGTAAAAGACATGACAGCGATACTTTCCCAGAGCTGAAGTTAACAAATGCACCTGGTTCTTTTACTAAGTGTTCAAATACCAGTGAACTTAAAGAATTTGTCAATCCTAGCCTTCCAAGAGAAGAAAAAGAAGAGAAACTAGAAACAGTTAAAGTGTCTAATAATGCTGAAGACCCCAAAGATCTCATGTTAAGTGGAGAAAGGGTTTTGCAAACTGAAAGATCTGTAGA GAGTAGCAGTATTTCATTGGTACCTGGTACTGATTATGGCACTCAGGAAAGTATCTCGTTACTGGAAGTTAGCACTCTAGGGAAGGCAAAAACAGAACCAAATAAATGTGTGAGTCAGTGTGCAGCATTTGAAAACCCCAAGGGACTAATTCATGGTTGTTCCAAAGATAATAGAAATGACACAGAAGGCTTTAAGTATCCATTGGGACATGAAGTTAACCACAGTCGGGAAACAAGCATA GAAATGGAAGAAAGTGAACTTGATGCTCAGTATTTGCAGAATACATTCAAGGTTTCAAAGCGCCAGTCATTTGCTCCGTTTTCAAATCCAGGAAATGCAGAAGAGGAATGTGCAACATTCTCTGCCCACTCTGGGTCCTTAAAGAAACAAAGTCCAAAAGTCACTTTTGAATGTGAACAAAAGGAAGAAAATCAAGGAAAGAATGAGTCTAATATCAAGCCTGTACAGACAGTTAATATCAC TGCAGGCTTTCCTGTGGTTGGTCAGAAAGATAAGCCAGTTGATAATGCCAAATGTAGTATCAAAGGAGGCTCTAGGTTTTGTCTATCATCTCAGTTCAGAGGCAACGAAACTGGACTCATTACTCCAAATAAACATGGACTTTTACAAAACCCATATCGTATACCACCACTTTTTCCCATCAAGTCATTTGTTAAAACTAAATGTAAGAAAAATCTGCTAGAGGAAAACTTTGAGGAACATTC AATGTCACCTGAAAGAGAAATGGGAAATGAGAACATTCCAAGTACAGTGAGCACAATTAGCCGTAATAACATTAGAGAAAATGTTTTTAAAGAAGCCAGCTCAAGCAATATTAATGAAGTAGGTTCCAGTACTAATGAAGTGGGCTCCAGTATTAATGAAATAGGTTCCAGTGATGAAAACATTCAAGCAGAACTAGGTAGAAACAGAGGGCCAAAATTGAATGCTATGCTTAGATTAGGG GTTTTGCAACCTGAGGTCTATAAACAAAGTCTTCCTGGAAGTAATTGTAAGCATCCTGAAATAAAAAAGCAAGAATATGAAGAAGTAGTTCAGACTGTTAATACAGATTTCTCTCCATATCTGATTTCAGATAACTTAGAACAGCCTATGGGAAGTAGTCATGCATCTCAGGTTTGTTCTGAGACACCTGATGACCTGTTAGATGATGGTGAAATAAAGGAAGATACTAGTTTTGCTGAAAAT GACATTAAGGAAAGTTCTGCTGTTTTTAGCAAAAGCGTCCAGAAAGGAGAGCTTAGCAGGAGTCCTAGCCCTTTCACCCATACACATTTGGCTCAGGGTTACCGAAGAGGGGCCAAGAAATTAGAGTCCTCAGAAGAGAACTTATCTAGTGAGGATGAAGAGCTTCCCTGCTTCCAACACTTGTTATTTGGTAAAGTAAACAATATACCTTCTCAGTCTACTAGGCATAGCACCGTTGCT ACCGAGTGTCTGTCTAAGAACACAGAGGAGAATTTATTATCATTGAAGAATAGCTTAAATGACTGCAGTAACCAGGTAATATTGGCAAAGGCATCTCAGGAACATCACCTTAGTGAGGAAACAAAATGTTCTGCTAGCTTGTTTTCTTCACAGTGCAGTGAATTGGAAGACTTGACTGCAAATACAAACACCCAGGATCCTTTCTTGATTGGTTCTTCCAAACAAATGAGGCATCAGTCTGA AAGCCAGGGAGTTGGTCTGAGTGACAAGGAATTGGTTTCAGATGATGAAGAAAGAGGAACGGGCTTGGAAGAAAATAATCAAGAAGAGCAAAGCATGGATTCAAACTTAGGTGAAGCAGCATCTGGGTGTGAGAGTGAAACAAGCGTCTCTGAAGACTGCTCAGGGCTATCCTCTCAGAGTGACATTTTAACCACTCAGCAGAGGGATACCATGCAACATAACCTGATAAAGCTCCAG CAGGAAATGGCTGAACTAGAAGCTGTGTTAGAACAGCATGGGAGCCAGCCTTCTAACAGCTACCCTTCCATCATAAGTGACTCTTCTGCCCTTGAGGACCTGCGAAATCCAGAACAAAGCACATCAGAAAAAGCAGTATTAACTTCACAGAAAAGTAGTGAATACCCTATAAGCCAGAATCCAGAAGGCCTTTCTGCTGACAAGTTTGAGGTGTCTGCAGATAGTTCTACCAGTAAAAAT AAAGAACCAGGAGTGGAAAGGTCATCCCCTTCTAAATGCCCATCATTAGATGATAGGTGGTACATGCACAGTTGCTCTGGGAGTCTTCAGAATAGAAACTACCCATCTCAAGAGGAGCTCATTAAGGTTGTTGATGTGGAGGAGCAACAGCTGGAAGAGTCTGGGCCACACGATTTGACGGAAACATCTTACTTGCCAAGGCAAGATCTAGAGGGAACCCCTTACCTGGAATCTGGAAT CAGCCTCTTCTCTGATGACCCTGAATCTGATCCTTCTGAAGACAGAGCCCCAGAGTCAGCTCGTGTTGGCAACATACCATCTTCAACCTCTGCATTGAAAGTTCCCCAATTGAAAGTTGCAGAAT CTGCCCAGAGTCCAGCTGCTGCTCATACTACTGATACTGCTGGGTATAATGCAATGGAAGAAAGTGTGAGCAGGGAGAAGCCAGAATTGACAGCTTCAACAGAAAGGGTCAACA AAAGAATGTCCATGGTGGTGTCTGGCCTGACCCCAGAAGAATTTATGCTCGTGTACAAGTTTGCCAGAAAACACCACATCACTTTAACTAATCTAATTACTGAAGAGACTACTCATGTTGTTATGAAAACAGATGCTGAGTTTGTGTGTGAACGGACACTGAAATATTTTCTAGGAATTGCGGGAGGAAAATGGGTAGTTAGCTATTTCTGGGTGACCCAGTCTATTAAAGAAAGAAAAATG CTGAATGAGCATGATTTTGAAGTCAGAGGAGATGTGGTCAATGGAAGAAACCACCAAGGTCCAAAGCGAGCAAGAGAATCCCAGGACAGAAAGATCTTCAGGGGGCTAGAAATCTGTTGCTATGGGCCCTTCACCAACATGCCCACAGATCAACTGGAATGGATGGTACAGCTGTGTGGTGCTTCTGTGGTGAAGGAGCTTTCATCATTCACCCTTGGCACAGGTGTCCACCCAATTG TGGTTGTGCAGCCAGATGCCTGGACAGAGGACAATGGCTTCCATGCAATTGGGCAGATGTGTGAGGCACCTGTGGTGACCCGAGAGTGGGTGTTGGACAGTGTAGCACTCTACCAGTGCCAGGAGCTGGACACCTACCTGATACCCCAGATCCCCCACAGCCACTACTGACTGCAG BRCA2: 26 coding exons, > 11,000 bp GGTGGCGCGAGCTTCTGAAACTAGGCGGCAGAGGCGGAGCCGCTGTGGCACTGCTGCGCCTCTGCTGCGCCTCGGGTGTCTTTTGCGGCGGTGGGTCGCCGCCGGGAGAAGCGTGAGGGGACAGA TTTGTGACCGGCGCGGTTTTTGTCAGCTTACTCCGGCCAAAAAAGAACTGCACCTCTGGAGCGGACTTATTTACCAAGCATTGGAGGAATATCGTAGGTAAAAATGCCT ATTGGATCCAAAGAGAGGCCAACATTTTTTGAAATTTTTAAGACACGCTGCAACAAAGCAGATTTAGGACCAATAAGTCTTAATTGGTTTGAAGAACTTTCTTCAGAAGCTCCACCCTATAATTCTGAACCTGCAGAAGAATCTGAACATAAAAACAACAATTACGAACCAAACCTATTTAAAACTCCACAAAGGAAACCATCTTATAATCAGCTGGCTTCAACTCCAATAATATTCAAAGAGC AAGGGCTGACTCTGCCGCTGTACCAATCTCCTGTAAAAGAATTAGATAAATTCAAATTAGACTTAGGAAGGAATGTTCCCAATAGTAGACATAAAAGTCTTCGCACAGTGAAAACTAAAATGGATCAAGCAGATGATGTTTCCTGTCCACTTCTAAATTCTTGTCTTAGTGAAAGTCCTGTTGTTCTACAATGTACACATGTAACACCACAAAGAGATAAGTCAGTGGTATGTGGGAGTTTGT TTCATACACCAAAGTTTGTGAAGGGTCGTCAGACACCAAAACATATTTCTGAAAGTCTAGGAGCTGAGGTGGATCCTGATATGTCTTGGTCAAGTTCTTTAGCTACACCACCCACCCTTAGTTCTACTGTGCTCATAGTCAGAAATGAAGAAGCATCTGAAACTGTATTTCCTCATGATACTACTGCTAATGTGAAAAGCTATTTTTCCAATCATGATGAAAGTCTGAAGAAAAATGATAGAT TTATCGCTTCTGTGACAGACAGTGAAAACACAAATCAAAGAGAAGCTGCAAGTCATGGATTTGGAAAAACATCAGGGAATTCATTTAAAGTAAATAGCTGCAAAGACCACATTGGAAAGTCAATGCCAAATGTCCTAGAAGATGAAGTATATGAAACAGTTGTAGATACCTCTGAAGAAGATAGTTTTTCATTATGTTTTTCTAAATGTAGAACAAAAAATCTACAAAAAGTAAGAACTAGCAA GACTAGGAAAAAAATTTTCCATGAAGCAAACGCTGATGAATGTGAAAAATCTAAAAACCAAGTGAAAGAAAAATACTCATTTGTATCTGAAGTGGAACCAAATGATACTGATCCATTAGATTCAAATGTAGCACATCAGAAGCCCTTTGAGAGTGGAAGTGACAAAATCTCCAAGGAAGTTGTACCGTCTTTGGCCTGTGAATGGTCTCAACTAACCCTTTCAGGTCTAAATGGAGCCCAGA TGGAGAAAATACCCCTATTGCATATTTCTTCATGTGACCAAAATATTTCAGAAAAAGACCTATTAGACACAGAGAACAAAAGAAAGAAAGATTTTCTTACTTCAGAGAATTCTTTGCCACGTATTTCTAGCCTACCAAAATCAGAGAAGCCATTAAATGAGGAAACAGTGGTAAATAAGAGAGATGAAGAGCAGCATCTTGAATCTCATACAGACTGCATTCTTGCAGTAAAGCAGGCAATAT CTGGAACTTCTCCAGTGGCTTCTTCATTTCAGGGTATCAAAAAGTCTATATTCAGAATAAGAGAATCACCTAAAGAGACTTTCAATGCAAGTTTTTCAGGTCATATGACTGATCCAAACTTTAAAAAAGAAACTGAAGCCTCTGAAAGTGGACTGGAAATACATACTGTTTGCTCACAGAAGGAGGACTCCTTATGTCCAAATTTAATTGATAATGGAAGCTGGCCAGCCACCACCACACAG AATTCTGTAGCTTTGAAGAATGCAGGTTTAATATCCACTTTGAAAAAGAAAACAAATAAGTTTATTTATGCTATACATGATGAAACATCTTATAAAGGAAAAAAAATACCGAAAGACCAAAAATCAGAACTAATTAACTGTTCAGCCCAGTTTGAAGCAAATGCTTTTGAAGCACCACTTACATTTGCAAATGCTGATTCAGGTTTATTGCATTCTTCTGTGAAAAGAAGCTGTTCACAGAATGA TTCTGAAGAACCAACTTTGTCCTTAACTAGCTCTTTTGGGACAATTCTGAGGAAATGTTCTAGAAATGAAACATGTTCTAATAATACAGTAATCTCTCAGGATCTTGATTATAAAGAAGCAAAATGTAATAAGGAAAAACTACAGTTATTTATTACCCCAGAAGCTGATTCTCTGTCATGCCTGCAGGAAGGACAGTGTGAAAATGATCCAAAAAGCAAAAAAGTTTCAGATATAAAAGAAGAG GTCTTGGCTGCAGCATGTCACCCAGTACAACATTCAAAAGTGGAATACAGTGATACTGACTTTCAATCCCAGAAAAGTCTTTTATATGATCATGAAAATGCCAGCACTCTTATTTTAACTCCTACTTCCAAGGATGTTCTGTCAAACCTAGTCATGATTTCTAGAGGCAAAGAATCATACAAAATGTCAGACAAGCTCAAAGGTAACAATTATGAATCTGATGTTGAATTAACCAAAAATATTC CCATGGAAAAGAATCAAGATGTATGTGCTTTAAATGAAAATTATAAAAACGTTGAGCTGTTGCCACCTGAAAAATACATGAGAGTAGCATCACCTTCAAGAAAGGTACAATTCAACCAAAACACAAATCTAAGAGTAATCCAAAAAAATCAAGAAGAAACTACTTCAATTTCAAAAATAACTGTCAATCCAGACTCTGAAGAACTTTTCTCAGACAATGAGAATAATTTTGTCTTCCAAGTAGCT AATGAAAGGAATAATCTTGCTTTAGGAAATACTAAGGAACTTCATGAAACAGACTTGACTTGTGTAAACGAACCCATTTTCAAGAACTCTACCATGGTTTTATATGGAGACACAGGTGATAAACAAGCAACCCAAGTGTCAATTAAAAAAGATTTGGTTTATGTTCTTGCAGAGGAGAACAAAAATAGTGTAAAGCAGCATATAAAAATGACTCTAGGTCAAGATTTAAAATCGGACATCTCCT TGAATATAGATAAAATACCAGAAAAAAATAATGATTACATGAACAAATGGGCAGGACTCTTAGGTCCAATTTCAAATCACAGTTTTGGAGGTAGCTTCAGAACAGCTTCAAATAAGGAAATCAAGCTCTCTGAACATAACATTAAGAAGAGCAAAATGTTCTTCAAAGATATTGAAGAACAATATCCTACTAGTTTAGCTTGTGTTGAAATTGTAAATACCTTGGCATTAGATAATCAAAAGAAA CTGAGCAAGCCTCAGTCAATTAATACTGTATCTGCACATTTACAGAGTAGTGTAGTTGTTTCTGATTGTAAAAATAGTCATATAACCCCTCAGATGTTATTTTCCAAGCAGGATTTTAATTCAAACCATAATTTAACACCTAGCCAAAAGGCAGAAATTACAGAACTTTCTACTATATTAGAAGAATCAGGAAGTCAGTTTGAATTTACTCAGTTTAGAAAACCAAGCTACATATTGCAGAAGAG TACATTTGAAGTGCCTGAAAACCAGATGACTATCTTAAAGACCACTTCTGAGGAATGCAGAGATGCTGATCTTCATGTCATAATGAATGCCCCATCGATTGGTCAGGTAGACAGCAGCAAGCAATTTGAAGGTACAGTTGAAATTAAACGGAAGTTTGCTGGCCTGTTGAAAAATGACTGTAACAAAAGTGCTTCTGGTTATTTAACAGATGAAAATGAAGTGGGGTTTAGGGGCTTTTAT TCTGCTCATGGCACAAAACTGAATGTTTCTACTGAAGCTCTGCAAAAAGCTGTGAAACTGTTTAGTGATATTGAGAATATTAGTGAGGAAACTTCTGCAGAGGTACATCCAATAAGTTTATCTTCAAGTAAATGTCATGATTCTGTTGTTTCAATGTTTAAGATAGAAAATCATAATGATAAAACTGTAAGTGAAAAAAATAATAAATGCCAACTGATATTACAAAATAATATTGAAATGACTAC TGGCACTTTTGTTGAAGAAATTACTGAAAATTACAAGAGAAATACTGAAAATGAAGATAACAAATATACTGCTGCCAGTAGAAATTCTCATAACTTAGAATTTGATGGCAGTGATTCAAGTAAAAATGATACTGTTTGTATTCATAAAGATGAAACGGACTTGCTATTTACTGATCAGCACAACATATGTCTTAAATTATCTGGCCAGTTTATGAAGGAGGGAAACACTCAGATTAAAGAAGAT TTGTCAGATTTAACTTTTTTGGAAGTTGCGAAAGCTCAAGAAGCATGTCATGGTAATACTTCAAATAAAGAACAGTTAACTGCTACTAAAACGGAGCAAAATATAAAAGATTTTGAGACTTCTGATACATTTTTTCAGACTGCAAGTGGGAAAAATATTAGTGTCGCCAAAGAGTCATTTAATAAAATTGTAAATTTCTTTGATCAGAAACCAGAAGAATTGCATAACTTTTCCTTAAATTCTGA ATTACATTCTGACATAAGAAAGAACAAAATGGACATTCTAAGTTATGAGGAAACAGACATAGTTAAACACAAAATACTGAAAGAAAGTGTCCCAGTTGGTACTGGAAATCAACTAGTGACCTTCCAGGGACAACCCGAACGTGATGAAAAGATCAAAGAACCTACTCTGTTGGGTTTTCATACAGCTAGCGGGAAAAAAGTTAAAATTGCAAAGGAATCTTTGGACAAAGTGAAAAACCTTT TTGATGAAAAAGAGCAAGGTACTAGTGAAATCACCAGTTTTAGCCATCAATGGGCAAAGACCCTAAAGTACAGAGAGGCCTGTAAAGACCTTGAATTAGCATGTGAGACCATTGAGATCACAGCTGCCCCAAAGTGTAAAGAAATGCAGAATTCTCTCAATAATGATAAAAACCTTGTTTCTATTGAGACTGTGGTGCCACCTAAGCTCTTAAGTGATAATTTATGTAGACAAACTGAAAAT CTCAAAACATCAAAAAGTATCTTTTTGAAAGTTAAAGTACATGAAAATGTAGAAAAAGAAACAGCAAAAAGTCCTGCAACTTGTTACACAAATCAGTCCCCTTATTCAGTCATTGAAAATTCAGCCTTAGCTTTTTACACAAGTTGTAGTAGAAAAACTTCTGTGAGTCAGACTTCATTACTTGAAGCAAAAAAATGGCTTAGAGAAGGAATATTTGATGGTCAACCAGAAAGAATAAATACTGC AGATTATGTAGGAAATTATTTGTATGAAAATAATTCAAACAGTACTATAGCTGAAAATGACAAAAATCATCTCTCCGAAAAACAAGATACTTATTTAAGTAACAGTAGCATGTCTAACAGCTATTCCTACCATTCTGATGAGGTATATAATGATTCAGGATATCTCTCAAAAAATAAACTTGATTCTGGTATTGAGCCAGTATTGAAGAATGTTGAAGATCAAAAAAACACTAGTTTTTCCAAAGT AATATCCAATGTAAAAGATGCAAATGCATACCCACAAACTGTAAATGAAGATATTTGCGTTGAGGAACTTGTGACTAGCTCTTCACCCTGCAAAAATAAAAATGCAGCCATTAAATTGTCCATATCTAATAGTAATAATTTTGAGGTAGGGCCACCTGCATTTAGGATAGCCAGTGGTAAAATCGTTTGTGTTTCACATGAAACAATTAAAAAAGTGAAAGACATATTTACAGACAGTTTCAGT AAAGTAATTAAGGAAAACAACGAGAATAAATCAAAAATTTGCCAAACGAAAATTATGGCAGGTTGTTACGAGGCATTGGATGATTCAGAGGATATTCTTCATAACTCTCTAGATAATGATGAATGTAGCACGCATTCACATAAGGTTTTTGCTGACATTCAGAGTGAAGAAATTTTACAACATAACCAAAATATGTCTGGATTGGAGAAAGTTTCTAAAATATCACCTTGTGATGTTAGTTTGG AAACTTCAGATATATGTAAATGTAGTATAGGGAAGCTTCATAAGTCAGTCTCATCTGCAAATACTTGTGGGATTTTTAGCACAGCAAGTGGAAAATCTGTCCAGGTATCAGATGCTTCATTACAAAACGCAAGACAAGTGTTTTCTGAAATAGAAGATAGTACCAAGCAAGTCTTTTCCAAAGTATTGTTTAAAAGTAACGAACATTCAGACCAGCTCACAAGAGAAGAAAATACTGCTATAC GTACTCCAGAACATTTAATATCCCAAAAAGGCTTTTCATATAATGTGGTAAATTCATCTGCTTTCTCTGGATTTAGTACAGCAAGTGGAAAGCAAGTTTCCATTTTAGAAAGTTCCTTACACAAAGTTAAGGGAGTGTTAGAGGAATTTGATTTAATCAGAACTGAGCATAGTCTTCACTATTCACCTACGTCTAGACAAAATGTATCAAAAATACTTCCTCGTGTTGATAAGAGAAACCCAGA GCACTGTGTAAACTCAGAAATGGAAAAAACCTGCAGTAAAGAATTTAAATTATCAAATAACTTAAATGTTGAAGGTGGTTCTTCAGAAAATAATCACTCTATTAAAGTTTCTCCATATCTCTCTCAATTTCAACAAGACAAACAACAGTTGGTATTAGGAACCAAAGTCTCACTTGTTGAGAACATTCATGTTTTGGGAAAAGAACAGGCTTCACCTAAAAACGTAAAAATGGAAATTGGTAAAA CTGAAACTTTTTCTGATGTTCCTGTGAAAACAAATATAGAAGTTTGTTCTACTTACTCCAAAGATTCAGAAAACTACTTTGAAACAGAAGCAGTAGAAATTGCTAAAGCTTTTATGGAAGATGATGAACTGACAGATTCTAAACTGCCAAGTCATGCCACACATTCTCTTTTTACATGTCCCGAAAATGAGGAAATGGTTTTGTCAAATTCAAGAATTGGAAAAAGAAGAGGAGAGCCCCTTAT CTTAGTGGGAGAACCCTCAATCAAAAGAAACTTATTAAATGAATTTGACAGGATAATAGAAAATCAAGAAAAATCCTTAAAGGCTTCAAAAAGCACTCCAGATGGCACAATAAAAGATCGAAGATTGTTTATGCATCATGTTTCTTTAGAGCCGATTACCTGTGTACCCTTTCGCACAACTAAGGAACGTCAAGAGATACAGAATCCAAATTTTACCGCACCTGGTCAAGAATTTCTGTCTAA ATCTCATTTGTATGAACATCTGACTTTGGAAAAATCTTCAAGCAATTTAGCAGTTTCAGGACATCCATTTTATCAAGTTTCTGCTACAAGAAATGAAAAAATGAGACACTTGATTACTACAGGCAGACCAACCAAAGTCTTTGTTCCACCTTTTAAAACTAAATCACATTTTCACAGAGTTGAACAGTGTGTTAGGAATATTAACTTGGAGGAAAACAGACAAAAGCAAAACATTGATGGACAT GGCTCTGATGATAGTAAAAATAAGATTAATGACAATGAGATTCATCAGTTTAACAAAAACAACTCCAATCAAGCAGCAGCTGTAACTTTCACAAAGTGTGAAGAAGAACCTTTAGATTTAATTACAAGTCTTCAGAATGCCAGAGATATACAGGATATGCGAATTAAGAAGAAACAAAGGCAACGCGTCTTTCCACAGCCAGGCAGTCTGTATCTTGCAAAAACATCCACTCTGCCTCGAATC TCTCTGAAAGCAGCAGTAGGAGGCCAAGTTCCCTCTGCGTGTTCTCATAAACAGCTGTATACGTATGGCGTTTCTAAACATTGCATAAAAATTAACAGCAAAAATGCAGAGTCTTTTCAGTTTCACACTGAAGATTATTTTGGTAAGGAAAGTTTATGGACTGGAAAAGGAATACAGTTGGCTGATGGTGGATGGCTCATACCCTCCAATGATGGAAAGGCTGGAAAAGAAGAATTTTATA GGGCTCTGTGTGACACTCCAGGTGTGGATCCAAAGCTTATTTCTAGAATTTGGGTTTATAATCACTATAGATGGATCATATGGAAACTGGCAGCTATGGAATGTGCCTTTCCTAAGGAATTTGCT AATAGATGCCTAAGCCCAGAAAGGGTGCTTCTTCAACTAAAATACAGATATGATACGGAAATTGATAGAAGCAGAAGATCGGCTATAAAAAAGATAATGGAAAGGGATGACACAGC TGCAAAAACACTTGTTCTCTGTGTTTCTGACATAATTTCATTGAGCGCAAATATATCTGAAACTTCTAGCAATAAAACTAGTAGTGCAGATACCCAAAAAGTGGCCATTATTGAACTTACAGATGGGTGGTATGCTGTTAAGGCCCAGTTAGATCCTCCCCTCTTAGCTGTCTTAAAGAATGGCAGACTGACAGTTGGTCAGAAGATTATTCTTCATGGAGCAGAACTGGTGGGCTCTCCTG ATGCCTGTACACCTCTTGAAGCCCCAGAATCTCTTATGTTAAAGATTTCTGCTAACAGTACTCGGCCTGCTCGCTGGTATACCAAACTTGGATTCTTTCCTGACCCTAGACCTTTTCCTCTGCCCTTATCATCGCTTTTCAGTGATGGAGGAAATGTTGGTTGTGTTGATGTAATTATTCAAAGAGCATACCCTATACAGTGGATGGAGAAGACATCATCTGGATTATACATATTTCGCAAT GAAAGAGAGGAAGAAAAGGAAGCAGCAAAATATGTGGAGGCCCAACAAAAGAGACTAGAAGCCTTATTCACTAAAATTCAGGAGGAATTTGAAGAACATGAAGAAAACACAACAAAACCATATTTACCATCACGTGCACTAACAAGACAGCAAGTTCGTGCTTTGCAAGATGGTGCAGAGCTTTATGAAGCAGTGAAGAATGCAGCAGACCCAGCTTACCTTGAGGGTTATTTCAGTGAA GAGCAGTTAAGAGCCTTGAATAATCACAGGCAAATGTTGAATGATAAGAAACAAGCTCAGATCCAGTTGGAAATTAGGAAGGCCATGGAATCTGCTGAACAAAAGGAACAAGGTTTATCAAGGGATGTCACAACCGTGTGGAAGTTGCGTATTGTAAGCTATTCAAAAAAAGAAAAAGATTCAGTTATACTGAGTATTTGGCGTCCATCATCAGATTTATATTCTCTGTTAACAGAAGGAAA GAGATACAGAATTTATCATCTTGCAACTTCAAAATCTAAAAGTAAATCTGAAAGAGCTAACATACAGTTAGCAGCGACAAAAAAAACTCAGTATCAACAACTACCGGTTTCAGATGAAATTTTATTTCAGATTTACCAGCCACGGGAGCCCCTTCACTTCAGCAAATTTTTAGATCCAGACTTTCAGCCATCTTGTTCTGAGGTGGACCTAATAGGATTTGTCGTTTCTGTTGTGAAAAAAACA GGACTTGCCCCTTTCGTCTATTTGTCAGACGAATGTTACAATTTACTGGCAATAAAGTTTTGGATAGACCTTAATGAGGACATTATTAAGCCTCATATGTTAATTGCTGCAAGCAACCTCCAGTGGCGACCAGAATCCAAATCAGGCCTTCTTACTTTATTTGCTGGAGATTTTTCTGTGTTTTCTGCTAGTCCAAAAGAGGGCCACTTTCAAGAGACATTCAACAAAATGAAAAATACTGTT GAGAATATTGACATACTTTGCAATGAAGCAGAAAACAAGCTTATGCATATACTGCATGCAAATGATCCCAAGTGGTCCACCCCAACTAAAGACTGTACTTCAGGGCCGTACACTGCTCAAATCATTCCTGGTACAGGAAACAAGCTTCTGATGTCTTCTCCTAATTGTGAGATATATTATCAAAGTCCTTTATCACTTTGTATGGCCAAAAGGAAGTCTGTTTCCACACCTGTCTCAGCCCA GATGACTTCAAAGTCTTGTAAAGGGGAGAAAGAGATTGATGACCAAAAGAACTGCAAAAAGAGAAGAGCCTTGGATTTCTTGAGTAGACTGCCTTTACCTCCACCTGTTAGTCCCATTTGTACATTTGTTTCTCCGGCTGCACAGAAGGCATTTCAGCCACCAAGGAGTTGTGGCACCAAATACGAAACACCCATAAAGAAAAAAGAACTGAATTCTCCTCAGATGACTCCATTTAAAAAA TTCAATGAAATTTCTCTTTTGGAAAGTAATTCAATAGCTGACGAAGAACTTGCATTGATAAATACCCAAGCTCTTTTGTCTGGTTCAACAGGAGAAAAACAATTTATATCTGTCAGTGAATCCACTAGGACTGCTCCCACCAGTTCAGAAGATTATCTCAGACTGAAACGACGTTGTACTACATCTCTGATCAAAGAACAGGAGAGTTCCCAGGCCAGTACGGAAGAATGTGAGAAAAATAA GCAGGACACAATTACAACTAAAAAATATATCTAAGCATTTGCAAAGGCGACAATAAATTATTGACGCTTAACCTTTCCAGTTTATAAGACTGGAATATAATTTCAAACCACACATTAGTACTTATGTTGCACAATGAGAAAAGAAATTAGTTTCAAATTTACCTCAGCGTTTGTGTATCGGGCAAAAATCGTTTTGCCCGATTCCGTATTGGTATACTTTTGCTTCAGTTGCATATCTTAAAACT AAATGTAATTTATTAACTAATCAAGAAAAACATCTTTGGCTGAGCTCGGTGGCTCATGCCTGTAATCCCAACACTTTGAGAAGCTGAGGTGGGAGGAGTGCTTGAGGCCAGGAGTTCAAGACCAGCCTGGGCAACATAGGGAGACCCCCATCTTTACGAAGAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGAAAAGAAAATCTTTTAAATCTTTGGATTTGATCACTACAAGTATTATTTTACAATCAACAAAATG GTCATCCAAACTCAAACTTGAGAAAATATCTTGCTTTCAAATTGACACTA 2000 Myriad Genetic Laboratories
BRCA1 and BRCA2 On chromosomes 17 and 13, respectively Autosomal dominant transmission Proteins have a role in genomic stability >2,000 different mutations, polymorphisms, and variants distributed over both genes BRCA1 Nonsense Missense Splice-site Breast Cancer Information Core
BRCA1- and BRCA2-Associated Cancers: Lifetime Risk Breast cancer 50%-85% (often early age at onset) Second primary breast cancer 40%-60% Ovarian cancer 15%-45% Absolute risk likely to be higher than 10% - Prostate cancer Absolute risk 10% or lower - Male breast cancer - Fallopian tube cancer - Pancreatic cancer (BRCA2) ASCO
HEREDITARY BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCER Br- 45 BRCA1 4184del4 81 Br-47 71 Br- >50 Pr- 50 + - Br-51 43 41 45 47 Ov-48 28 25 23 1 9 11 9 24 26 18 21 25 31 30 33
Clinical Management of BRCA Mutation-Negative Patients Negative BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 test result NO Member of family w/ known BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation? YES Emphasize empirically increased risk of breast and/or ovarian cancer Provide individualized risk-management plan Emphasize risk of sporadic cancer Encourage adherence to population screening guidelines ASCO
Contribution of known genes to explaining familial aggregation of breast cancer BRCA1 BRCA2 TP53 PTEN ATM CHEK2,BRIP1,PALB2 CASP8 Other familial risk factors (genes, environment) 8 WGA SNPs
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Bilateral Breast, 40 50 Breast, 36 Osteosarcoma, 22 Leukemia, 33 TP53-mutation carrier Affected with cancer Breast, 28 Soft tissue sarcoma, 7 Brain tumor, 32 Leukemia, 6 ASCO
Cancer Screening & Prevention Program Genetic Predisposition Testing Is a Multi-Step Process Identify at-risk patients Provide pretest counseling Obtain informed consent Select and offer test Disclose results Provide post-test counseling and follow-up
Caso 2 63a Ca Mama 47a Ca pélvico? 50a Ca Mama 48a Ca Mama 39a 37a 34a 38a Ca Mama Goldim/2011
When to Suspect a Hereditary Cancer Syndrome Cancer in 2 or more close relatives (on same side of family) Early age at diagnosis Multiple primary tumors Bilateral or multiple rare cancers Constellation of tumors consistent with specific cancer syndrome (eg, breast and ovary)
Influence of BRCA1 Genotype on Histopathology in Breast Cancer (BC) Less likely to express estrogen receptor or Her2/neu Have a high nuclear grade Show less tubule formation Have a higher mitotic count Medullary histology more common (~ 6%) More BRCA1 mutations in triple negative DCIS is less associated with BRCA1 than BRCA2 BRCA testing may be appropriate for triple negative BC or early onset DCIS, especially if family history of BC and/or OC Eisinger et al. Cancer Res 56:471, 1996; Claus et al, JAMA 293:964-969, 2005; Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Lancet 349:1505, 1997; Kandel (ASCO), 2006
Clinical Management of BRCA Mutation-Positive Patient Cancer Screening & Prevention Program Possible testing for other adult relatives Positive BRCA1 or BRCA2 test result Prophylactic surgery Targeted Therapy Increased surveillance Chemoprevention
Dense Breast Tissue Size? Time Mammo
Warner et al. JCO 19:3524-3531, 2001
MRI and Breast Cancer Detection in BRCA Carriers - Sensitivity N with mutations Invasive cancers % by MRI % by mammogram Warner (2004) Kriege (2004) MARIBS (2005) 236 16 81% 31% 358 20 80% 33% 120 12 92% 23% TOTAL 714 48 83% 30% Breast MRI is the standard of care for high risk patients
Cumulative incidence of early-stage (stages 0 to I) breast cancer in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) screened cohort and comparison group (competing risk model). Diagnosis stage 0-I Warner E et al. JCO 2011;29:1664-1669
Cumulative incidence of stages II to IV breast cancer in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) screened cohort and comparison group (competing risk model). Diagnosis stage II-IV Warner E et al. JCO 2011;29:1664-1669
New Primary Cancer Risk and Modifiers Among 491 BRCA Carriers 10-year contralateral breast cancer risk 43.4% for BRCA1; 34.6% for BRCA2 Age 50 at diagnosis: HR 0.63; 95% CI 0.36-1.10 Tamoxifen use: HR 0.59; 95% CI 0.35-1.01 Oophorectomy: HR 0.44; 95% CI 0.21-0.91 10-year ovarian cancer risk after breast cancer: 12.7% for BRCA1, 6.8% for BRCA2 (p=0.03) Ovarian cancer was the cause of death in 25% of the Stage I breast cancer patients Metcalfe et al. J Clin Oncol 2004, 22:2328-2335. Gyn Onc 2005; 96:222-226
Options for breast cancer patients with BRCA mutations Surgical options for the breast therapeutic mastectomy versus breast conservation therapy on affected breast risk reduction mastectomy on contralateral breast Hormonal risk reduction options BSO tamoxifen Screening mammography MRI
Decisions, decisions Oncologic Consultation Treatment Genetic Cancer Risk Assessment Prevention
Summary of various reproductive factors and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA mutation carriers* Reproductive factor BRCA1 BRCA2 Ref Age at menarche: >15 years versus <11 years OR (95%CI) P OR (95%CI) P 0.46 (0.30-0.69) 0.0002 0.72 (0.37-1.38) 0.32 [1] Parity versus nulliparity 0.94 (0.50-1.19) 0.62 1.37 (0.93-2.03) 0.12 [2] Increasing parity: trend per childbirth Breastfeeding: >1 year versus no breastfeeding Oophorectomy: < age 40 versus no oophorectomy 0.94 (0.86-1.02) 0.12 1.15 (1.00-1.33) 0.05 [2] 0.55 (0.38-0.80) 0.001 0.95 (0.66-1.59) 0.83 [3] 0.36 (0.20-0.64) 0.0005 0.69 (0.25-1.95) 0.49 [4] * All from the same cohort of women: Control subjects N = 1816; Case subjects N = 1816; BRCA1=1405 (77.4%); BRCA2=411 (22.6%), for each group. 1. Kotsopoulos et al. (2005), Cancer Causes Control, 16:667-674. 2. Cullinane et al. (2005), International Journal of Cancer, 117:988-991. 3. Jernstrom et al. (2004), J Natl Cancer Inst, 96:1094-1098. 4. Eisen et al. (2005), J Clin Oncol, 23:7491-7496.
Options for BRCA1, BRCA2 Carrier Prophylactic Oophorectomy Chemoprevention CA125 Screening CASH study. N Engl J Med 316:650, 1987. Rosenberg, et al. Am J Epidemiol 139:654, 1994. Ursin, et al. Cancer Res 57:3678, 1997. Narod, et al, NEJM 339:424, 1998. Narod, et al. JNCI 94:1773, 2002.
Penetrance of Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Peritoneal Cancer Among Carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations Finch, A. et al. JAMA 2006;296:185-192.
Oophorectomy Reduces Ovarian Cancer, Breast Cancer, and All Cause Mortality Greatest breast cancer risk reduction among BRCA1 mutation carriers without a prior dx of breast cancer who had their oophorectomy < age 50 HR: 0.15 (95% CI 0.04-0.63)
Oophorectomy Reduces All-Cause Mortality
Cost Per Year of Life with Prophylactic Surgery Compared with Surveillance According to Different Cancer Risk Profiles Cancer Risks* RRSO RRM RRSO and RRM 85% BC, 63% OC Cost-saving $1,271 Cost-saving 56% BC, 16% OC Cost-saving $ 336 Cost-saving NOTE: Calculated with future costs and years of survival discounted at a rate of 3%. Cost-saving denotes negative net costs and increased survival. Abbreviations: BC, breast cancer; OC, ovarian cancer; RRSO, risk reduction salpingo-oophorectomy; RRM, risk reduction mastectomy. *Risks represent the probability over 40 years of developing cancer in 30-year-old BRCA-positive patients. Grann et al. Decision Analysis of Prophylactic Mastectomy and Oophorectomy in BRCA1-Positive or BRCA2-positive Patients. JCO 16:979-985, 1998
I M OUT OF ESTROGEN AND I AM NOT HAPPY ABOUT IT
HRT after RRSO in BRCA Carriers: Is it safe? Short term HRT after RRSO does not compromise breast cancer risk reduction Armstrong et al. J Clin Oncol 22:1045-1054, 2005.
Genetic status is on the cusp of helping to determine composition of breast and ovarian cancer treatment regimens
Survival of epithelial invasive ovarian cancer patients by stage and BRCA mutation status Chetrit, A. et al. J Clin Oncol; 26:20-25 2008
The first targeted therapy for BRCA carriers Phase II therapeutic trials with relatively non-toxic oral PARP inhibitor in BRCA+ breast or ovarian cancer patients with recurrent disease www.cityofhope.org/ccgp
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) A key regulator of DNA damage repair processes Involved in DNA base-excision repair (BER) Binds directly to DNA damage Produces large branched chains of poly(adp-ribose) Attracts and assists BER repair effectors XRCC1 PNK Polß Lig3
PARP inhibition and tumor-selective synthetic lethality DNA damage (SSBs) DNA replication (accumulation of DNA DSBs) PARP PARP inhibition Normal cell with functional HR pathway HR-deficient tumor cell (e.g. BRCA 1/2 -/- ) HR-mediated DNA repair Cell survival Tumor-selective cytotoxicity Cell death Impaired HRmediated DNA repair DSB, double-strand break; HR, homologous recombination SSB, single-strand break Farmer H et al. Nature 2005;434:917 921 Bryant HE et al. Nature 2005;434:913 917 McCabe N et al. Cancer Res 2006;66:8109 8115
Best % change from baseline in target BC lesions by prior chemotherapy Olaparib 400 mg bid cohort ORR, n (%) 11 (42) CR, n (%) 1 (4) PR, n (%) 10 (39) 100 80 Previous anthracycline, taxane and capecitabine Best % change from baseline 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 * * * * * Increasing tumor shrinkage * 100 *Prior platinum Tx Tutt et al. J Clin Oncol 27:15s, 2009 (suppl; abstr 5500)
ASCO/NCCN Guidelines for Cancer Predisposition Testing Genetic test result will change medical care and is standard management Examples Familial adenomatous polyposis Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 Von Hippel-Lindau disease Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer APC RET VHL Gene MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 BRCA1, BRCA2 Modified from ASCO Statement. J Clin Oncol, 2003 ASCO
NCCN Guidelines consensus advice NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2011
Summary: Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer There are advances in protocols for screening (MRI) and risk reduction (RRSO, RRM, GnRHA) Prophylactic surgery reduces cancer risk Mastectomy reduces risk of breast cancer > 90% Oophorectomy reduces the risk of breast cancer > 50% Reduces all cause mortality Salpingo-oophorectomy reduces the risk of ovarian cancer > 80% Synthetic lethality is emerging as a targeted therapeutic strategy in BRCA-associated cancer
Summary (cont): Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Documented efficacy of interventions for BRCA mutation carriers drives medical necessity and liability issues, making GCRA a standard of care GCRA along with risk reduction interventions are costeffective tools for increasing quality-adjusted life
"He is a better physician that keeps diseases off us, than he that cures them being on us; prevention is so much better than healing because it saves the labour of being sick. Thomas Adams,1618