Veterinary Physiology The reduction of feed intake and gluconeogenesis during hyperketonemia in dairy cows indicates a signal of abundant energy availability Rupert M. Bruckmaier 1 & Björn Kuhla 2 1 Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Switzerland 2 Leibnitz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany 1
plasma BHBA (mmol/l) plasma NEFA (mmol/l) plasma glucose (mmol/l) Veterinary Physiology Background Typical metabolic changes during negative energy balance in early lactation glucose NEFA BHBA Gross et al., JDS 2011 week of lactation
Veterinary Physiology Citric acid cycle fatty acids, glucose (adipose, feed) acetyl-coa oxaloacetate citric acid cycle citrate ATP, NADH rumen: starch, sugars succinate propionate
Generally accepted model Veterinary Physiology gluconeogenesis lactose milk oxaloacetate fatty acids (adipose, feed) acetyl-coa citrate ketone bodies ATP, NADH citric acid cycle succinate rumen: starch, sugars propionate Ketone bodies are increasingly synthesized because of depletion of the citric acid cycle through the use of oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis.
Veterinary Physiology Experiments During high ketone body concentration: - reduced feed intake - disturbed immune function Questions: - are the effects caused directly by ketone bodies? - why this regulation? Experimental approach: Administration of BHBA to study effects - on feed intake (Dummerstorf) - on metabolism and immune response (Bern)
Studies in Dummerstorf Effects of BHBA on feed intake
BHBA in Plasma and CSF in Early Lactation 3x Lumbar puncture 1.7x p<0.05 The increase of plasma BHBA is partially also transferred to CSF. Spinalpunktion Laeger et al., JDS 2013
BHBA injection into lateral brain ventricle (in vivo) 24 h Cumulative Energy Intake acsf BHBA 4 µmol BHBA 12 µmol Ventricle injection BHBA at a high dosage caused an inhibition of feed intake. Kuhla et al., JDS 2011
BHBA application to hypothalamic neurons (in vitro) Hypothalamic GT1-7 cells Incubation with BHBA (6 mm) Hypothalamic neuroblastoma GT1-7 BHBA p AMPK Agrp Laeger et al., J. Endocrinology 2012 4 h BHBA reduced the expression of AGRP likely via inhibition of AMPK.
Veterinary Physiology Studies in Bern Effects of elevated plasma BHBA concentration through BHBA infusion (during mid-lactation, at a non-negative energy status) on metabolism and immune response during LPS-induced mastitis
Treatments Veterinary Physiology Beta- hydroxybutyrate (HyperB, n=5 animals) Clamped infusion for 56 h: BHBA concentration measured every 15 min, and infusion rate adjusted accordingly Goal plasma BHBA concentration: 1.5 to 2.0 mmol/l NaCl (control, n=8 animals) 0.9 % saline solution 11
LPS challenge Veterinary Physiology 48-56 h of infusion: 200 µg of Escherichia coli LPS LPS 0.9% NaCl 12
Beta-hydroxybutyrate (mmol/l) BHBA infusion rate (µmol/kg/min) Veterinary Physiology BHBA (48 h) 12 HyperB NaCl BHBA infusion_rate BHBA inf-rate: 8.5 ± 0.6 µmol/kg/min 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 HyperB group: 1.74 ± 0.02 mmol/l P < 0.001 NaCl group: 0.59 ± 0.02 mmol/l 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 0-6 -4-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 Hours relative to the start of the infusion 0 9h 21h 9h 21h 9h Time of day Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Glucose (mmol/l) Veterinary Physiology Glucose (48 h) 5.0 4.5 NaCl: 4.11 ± 0.08 mmol/l P < 0.01 HyperB NaCl 4.0 3.5 3.0 HyperB: 3.47± 0.11 mmol/l 2.5-6 -4-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 Hours relative to the start of the infusion 9h 21h 9h 21h 9h Time of day Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Insulin (µu/ml) Veterinary Physiology Insulin (48 h) HyperB 50 NaCl 40 HyperB: 12.7± 1.4 µu/ml 30 NaCl : 13.9± 1.1 µu/ml 20 10 0-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 Hours relative to the start of the infusion 9h 21h 9h Time of day Day 1 Day 2 21h 9h Day 3
Plasma glucagon (pg/ml) Veterinary Physiology Glucagon (48 h) 140 HyperB NaCl 120 NaCl: 107.7 ± 2.6 pg/ml 100 80 60 P < 0.01 HyperB: 87.6 ± 3.42 pg/ml -6-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 Hours relative to the start of the infusion Time of day 9h 21h 9h 21h 9h Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Veterinary Physiology Results Hormones and metabolistes (means ± SEM of AUC) Variable Group day 2, (means ± SEM) ANOVA, (P-Value, group) Glucose, mmol/l INS, mu/l BHBA, mmol/l NEFA, mmol/l Urea, mmol/l Glucagon, pg/ml IGF-1, ng/ml TG, mmol/l Cortisol, ng/ml HyperB 3.47 ± 0.11 NaCl 4.11 ± 0.08 HyperB 12.7 ± 1.4 NaCl 13.9 ± 1.1 HyperB 1.74 ± 0.02 NaCl 0.59 ± 0.02 HyperB 0.06 ± 0.03 NaCl 0.09 ± 0.02 HyperB 3.77 ± 0.31 NaCl 3.97 ± 0.24 HyperB 97.4 ± 3.3 NaCl 107.7 ± 2.6 HyperB 90 ± 4.5 NaCl 80 ± 3.6 HyperB 0.15 ± 0.01 NaCl 0.14 ± 0.01 HyperB 2.41 ± 0.55 NaCl 2.62 ± 0.43 < 0.01 0.54 < 0.001 0.51 0.63 < 0.05 0.11 0.58 0.78
Plasma BHBA (mmol/l) BHBA infusion rate (µmol/kg/min) Veterinary Physiology Results (plasma) 4.5 4.0 Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA): infusion rate and plasma concentration BHBA_inf HyperB NaCl 14 13 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 different between two groups, different from d2 (within group) P< 0.0001 12 11 10 9 8 0.5 7 0.0 inf.-rate conc. 24-48h inf 24-48h average 30 90 150 210 270 330 390 450 510 24-48h average Time after LPS challenge (min) 6
Veterinary Physiology Glucose (LPS challenge) Plasma glucose (mmol/l) 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 P= 0.03 HyperB NaCl HyperB NaCl different between two groups, different from d2 (within group) AUC/min (30-510): HyperB= 3.8 ± 0.1 NaCl= 4.3 ± 0.1 P< 0.05 3.0 Avg d2 avg. -24 to -48 h 30 90 150 210 270 330 390 450 510 Time after LPS challenge (min)
Veterinary Physiology Glucagon (LPS challenge) Plasma glucagon (pg/ml) 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 P< 0.05 HyperB NaCl HyperB NaCl different between two groups, different from d2 (within group) AUC/min (30-510): HyperB= 161.2 ± 19.3 NaCl= 221.7 ± 15.3 P< 0.05 50 avg. -24 to -48 h30 90 150 210 270 330 390 450 510 Avg d2 Time after LPS challenge (min)
Veterinary Physiology Insulin (LPS challenge) Plasma insulin (µu/ml) 120 100 80 60 40 20 P=0.92 HyperB NaCl HyperB NaCl different between two groups, different from d2 (within group) AUC/min (30-510): HyperB= 34.8 ± 6.9 NaCl= 35.0 ± 5.4 P= 0.97 0 avg. -24 to -48 h 30 90 150 210 270 330 390 450 510 Avg d2 Time after LPS challenge (min)
SCC (log 10 cells/ml milk) Veterinary Physiology SCC (LPS challenge) 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 P< 0.05 C_BHBA C_NaCl LPS_BHBA LPS_NaCl c (time points, between groups) AUC/min (0-450): a A b b B AB BC d D 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 e Time after LPS challenge (min) HyperB= 6.1 ± 0.08 NaCl= 5.7 ± 0.06 P< 0.01
Change of mrna abundance (ΔΔ CT) mrna abundance (LPS) Veterinary Physiology 12 10 8 6 P< 0.05 HyperB NaCl 4 2 0 IL-8 Target genes IL-10
Veterinary Physiology Conclusions Reduced feed intake and gluconeogenesis during hyperketonemia: a paradox reaction to a signal of abundant energy availability? Metabolization of ketone bodies instead of using other energy sources and to save oxaloacetat for the citric acid cycle? If so, this adaptation does not consider the specific needs of glucose for lactose synthesis in lactating dairy cows.
Veterinary Physiology Acknowledgements Dummerstorf Thomas Laeger Christine Schäff Sabine Börner Elke Albrecht Olaf Bellmann Thank you for your attention! Bern Mousa Zarrin Martin Vernay Olga Wellnitz Josef Gross